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Mechanism of Conjugation01:19

Mechanism of Conjugation

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Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...
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Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...
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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...
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Self-assembling DNA quadruplex conjugated to MRI contrast agents.

Jianfeng Cai1, Erik M Shapiro, Andrew D Hamilton

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.

Bioconjugate Chemistry
|January 8, 2009
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Summary

New MRI contrast agents utilize gadolinium complexes on DNA quadruplex scaffolds. This self-assembling structure significantly enhances relaxivity, offering potential for targeted in vivo imaging.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioconjugation Chemistry
  • Nanomedicine
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:

  • Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are crucial for MRI.
  • Developing GBCAs with higher relaxivity and targeted delivery remains a key challenge.
  • DNA nanotechnology offers novel platforms for constructing complex molecular architectures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel MRI contrast agents using gadolinium complexes conjugated to DNA quadruplex scaffolds.
  • To evaluate the impact of DNA quadruplex self-assembly on the relaxivity of gadolinium chelates.
  • To explore the potential of these agents for targeted in vivo imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of DNA strands functionalized with gadolinium-DOTA chelates (monomer and dendrimer).
  • Formation of self-assembling DNA quadruplex structures.
  • Magnetic resonance relaxivity measurements (r(1) molar relaxivity) of individual strands and quadruplexes.
  • Characterization of DNA quadruplex size.

Main Results:

  • Single gadolinium-DOTA DNA strands exhibited r(1) molar relaxivity of 6.4 mM⁻¹s⁻¹ per Gd.
  • Formation of DNA quadruplexes increased relaxivity to 11.7 mM⁻¹s⁻¹ per Gd for monomers.
  • Dendrimer conjugates showed similar trends, with quadruplex formation boosting relaxivity to 12.9 mM⁻¹s⁻¹ per Gd.
  • The DNA quadruplex scaffold, approximately 2.5 nm³, enhances relaxivity significantly, yielding up to 154.8 mM⁻¹s⁻¹ per DNA quadruplex.

Conclusions:

  • Self-assembling DNA quadruplex scaffolds effectively enhance the relaxivity of gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents.
  • These novel agents demonstrate potential for targeted in vivo imaging due to their nanoscale size and enhanced properties.
  • The DNA quadruplex platform provides a versatile strategy for developing next-generation MRI contrast agents.