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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
06:21

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid

Published on: April 7, 2023

The relationship between dysglycemia and cognitive dysfunction.

Tali Cukierman-Yaffee1

  • 1Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy Research, Endocrinology Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Epidemiology Department, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. cukierm@mcmaster.ca

Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs (London, England : 2000)
|January 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetes significantly increases the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. This review explores the link between diabetes and dementia, focusing on insulin

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Alternate Immersion in Glucose to Produce Prolonged Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish
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Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats
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Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
06:21

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid

Published on: April 7, 2023

Alternate Immersion in Glucose to Produce Prolonged Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish
05:49

Alternate Immersion in Glucose to Produce Prolonged Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish

Published on: May 5, 2021

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats
07:41

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

Published on: October 23, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Aging populations face rising rates of diabetes and dementia.
  • Diabetes is linked to a 1.5-fold increased risk of cognitive decline and 1.6-fold increased risk of dementia.
  • This association may stem from higher incidences of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in diabetic individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the importance of the diabetes-dementia relationship.
  • To present evidence supporting this association.
  • To explore potential explanations, including the role of insulin and insulin resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies examining diabetes and cognitive function.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on diabetes prevalence and dementia incidence.
  • Examination of pathophysiological mechanisms linking diabetes, insulin, and neurodegeneration.

Main Results:

  • Consistent evidence demonstrates a heightened risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in individuals with diabetes.
  • Vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease are frequently observed comorbidities.
  • Insulin resistance and dysregulated insulin signaling are implicated as key contributing factors.

Conclusions:

  • The relationship between diabetes and dementia is significant and warrants further investigation.
  • Understanding the role of insulin and insulin resistance may offer therapeutic targets.
  • Interventions targeting diabetes management could potentially mitigate dementia risk.