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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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It is essential to understand the difference between chiral and achiral interactions and the implications thereof in optical activity and their applications. Just as our feet, which are chiral, interact uniquely with chiral objects, such as a pair of shoes, but identically with achiral socks, enantiomers of a molecule exhibit different properties only when they interact with other chiral media. An example of a significant implication from this facet is the phenomenon known as optical activity,...
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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
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CD Spectroscopy to Study DNA-Protein Interactions
06:48

CD Spectroscopy to Study DNA-Protein Interactions

Published on: February 10, 2022

DichroCalc--circular and linear dichroism online.

Benjamin M Bulheller1, Jonathan D Hirst

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)
|January 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

DichroCalc software now enables calculations for both circular dichroism (CD) and linear dichroism (LD) spectra from protein structures. This tool simplifies spectral estimation for protein folding and orientation studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Structural Biology
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a standard technique for investigating protein folding.
  • Linear dichroism (LD) spectroscopy is increasingly used to determine protein orientation in solution.
  • Matrix method calculations for LD spectra have been lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce DichroCalc, a software tool for calculating CD and LD spectra.
  • To provide an accessible method for estimating protein spectra from structural data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes the established matrix method for spectral calculations.
  • Accepts Protein Data Bank (PDB) files via upload or direct retrieval.
  • Includes a Perl-based parser for efficient PDB file handling.

Main Results:

  • DichroCalc calculates both CD and LD spectra.
  • The software is available for use without registration.
  • Supports various matrix method parameters for spectral calculations.

Conclusions:

  • DichroCalc offers a user-friendly platform for CD and LD spectral calculations.
  • Facilitates the study of protein folding and orientation through spectral analysis.
  • Enhances the application of spectroscopic methods in structural biology.