An Internet guide to key variables for a coherent educational system based on principles of Problem-Based Learning
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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
Published on: September 11, 2021
1Centre for Higher Education Studies, Institute of Education, University of London, United Kingdom. engelcharles@tiscali.co.uk [corrected]
Purpose:
It was decided to explore the variables that would need to be considered when planning, revising, or evaluating the outcomes of a whole curriculum, based on the principles of Problem-Based Learning.
Summary:
A set of major variables was identified at a workshop discussion with academics from medical, dental, and veterinary science faculties. These variables were subsequently reviewed and described by a small group of colleagues in Great Britain, with additional assistance from colleagues in different parts of the world.
Conclusions:
The descriptions of 13 variables has been assembled, primarily with a focus on medical education. This guide has been published on the Internet, in order to solicit comments and suggestions from teachers in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary science across the world with the intention of producing a more universally applicable second edition of the guide.
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