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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Published on: May 10, 2019

Mispredicting affective and behavioral responses to racism.

Kerry Kawakami¹, Elizabeth Dunn, Francine Karmali

¹Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3. kawakami@yorku.ca

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|January 10, 2009

Summary

People often misunderstand their reactions to witnessing racism. Anticipating strong emotional responses and social rejection of perpetrators, individuals actually exhibit indifference, allowing racism to persist.

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Area of Science:

Social Psychology
Race Relations Studies

Background:

Contemporary race relations exhibit a paradox: overt prejudice is condemned, yet blatant racism persists.
This inconsistency may stem from a misunderstanding of individuals' emotional and behavioral responses to witnessing racism.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the discrepancy between predicted and actual emotional and behavioral responses to witnessing racist incidents.
To explore whether individuals accurately predict the social consequences for perpetrators of racism.

Main Methods:

Participants' predicted emotional distress and social rejection of a racist perpetrator were assessed.
Participants' actual emotional distress and perceived social rejection were measured after experiencing a racist event.

Main Results:

Individuals predicted significant emotional upset but experienced relatively little distress when witnessing racism.
Participants overestimated the extent to which a racist comment would lead to social rejection of the perpetrator.
A gap exists between anticipated and actual responses to racist incidents.

Conclusions:

Racism may persist because individuals' anticipated emotional reactions and actions do not align with their actual responses.
The tendency to respond with indifference, despite anticipating strong reactions, contributes to the continuation of racism.