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Factors Affecting Solubility

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

Solubility Equilibria

Solubility Equilibria

Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...

Solubility Equilibria: Overview

Solubility Equilibria: Overview

When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called solubility. The process of dissolution can exist in equilibrium, just like other chemical processes. Solubility equilibria are also called precipitation equilibria because the process of solubility can be reversible. The reverse of the solubility process is called precipitation.
Solubility is important in biological and environmental processes. A notable...

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation constant (Ka). Each successive Ka is weaker than the previous one. In the titration of a polyprotic acid like sulfurous acid with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the initial ionizable proton, forming an intermediate species (e.g., hydrogen sulfite ions). This step's titration curve resembles that of a weak monoprotic...

Titration of a Polyprotic Acid

Titration of a Polyprotic Acid

A polyprotic acid contains more than one ionizable hydrogen and undergoes a stepwise ionization process. If the acid dissociation constants of the ionizable protons differ sufficiently from each other, then the titration curve for such polyprotic acid generates a distinct equivalence point for each of its ionizable hydrogens. Therefore, titration of a diprotic acid results in the formation of two equivalence points, whereas the titration of a triprotic acid results in the formation of three...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

Published on: July 26, 2016

Solubility of strontium-substituted apatite by solid titration.

H B Pan¹, Z Y Li, W M Lam

¹Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

Acta Biomaterialia

|January 13, 2009

Summary

Strontium hydroxyapatite (Sr-HAp) solubility increases with strontium content, indicating crystal destabilization. Sr-HAp shows potential as a bone regeneration template due to facilitated nucleation.

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Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

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Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

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Published on: February 23, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Biomaterials Science
Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a key biomaterial for bone regeneration.
Incorporating strontium into HAp may alter its properties for enhanced therapeutic effects.
Understanding the solubility and structural behavior of strontium hydroxyapatite (Sr-HAp) is crucial for its application.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the solubility isotherms of partially and fully substituted strontium hydroxyapatite (Sr-HAp).
To determine the effect of strontium substitution on the crystal structure and stability of HAp.
To evaluate the potential of Sr-HAp as a template for new bone growth.

Main Methods:

Solid titration was employed to determine solubility isotherms.
Solubility was measured across a range of strontium substitution levels (1-100 mol.%).
Phase analysis of equilibrium solids was performed, including at low pH.

Main Results:

Solubility of Sr-HAp significantly increased with higher strontium content.
No secondary phases like dicalcium phosphate were detected at equilibrium, even at low pH.
The larger strontium ion was identified as the cause of crystal structure destabilization and increased solubility.
Carbonated HAp formed in simulated body fluid, with strontium substitution observed in the precipitate.

Conclusions:

Strontium substitution in HAp leads to increased solubility due to crystal lattice destabilization.
Strontium-substituted HAp demonstrates promise as a biomaterial template for bone regeneration.
Facilitated nucleation suggests potential for enhanced new bone growth using Sr-HAp scaffolds.