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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Healthy Brain-pituitary Slices for Electrophysiological Investigations of Pituitary Cells in Teleost Fish
07:14

Healthy Brain-pituitary Slices for Electrophysiological Investigations of Pituitary Cells in Teleost Fish

Published on: August 16, 2018

Thyrotropin in teleost fish.

Duncan S MacKenzie1, Richard A Jones, Thomas C Miller

  • 1Dept. of Biology, 3258 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. duncan@mail.bio.tamu.edu

General and Comparative Endocrinology
|January 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyrotropin (TSH) plays a conserved role in regulating fish thyroid function, with its expression influenced by thyroid hormones and hypothalamic peptides. Further research is needed to understand central pathways and identify inhibitory factors.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Comparative Physiology
  • Fish Biology

Background:

  • Thyrotropin (TSH) is a pituitary hormone crucial for thyroid function in mammals.
  • The role of TSH in regulating thyroid status in teleost fish remains uncertain.
  • TSH structure and function across diverse fish species require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on TSH structure, expression, and regulation in teleost fish.
  • To assess the evidence supporting an active and conserved role of TSH in fish thyroid regulation.
  • To identify key unanswered questions regarding TSH function in teleost fish.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on TSH cloning, sequencing, and expression studies in teleost fish.
  • Analysis of studies investigating TSH regulation by thyroid hormones and hypothalamic peptides.
  • Examination of evidence for TSH receptor presence and function in teleost species.

Main Results:

  • TSH structure is highly conserved across six teleost families.
  • TSH messenger RNA is consistently expressed in pituitary tissue, with observed ectopic expression in gonads.
  • Evidence suggests negative feedback by thyroid hormones and stimulation by hypothalamic peptides on TSH expression.
  • Increased TSHbeta expression correlates with life history events influenced by thyroid hormones.
  • A G-protein coupled TSH receptor has been identified in several teleost species.

Conclusions:

  • TSH plays an active and conserved role in regulating teleost thyroid function.
  • Central pathways regulating thyroid hormone delivery and inhibitory factors in fish require further elucidation.
  • Development of methods to measure circulating TSH and pituitary secretion is crucial for future research.