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Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
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Does perinatal asphyxia induce apoptosis in the inner ear?

Joachim Schmutzhard1, Rudolf Glueckert, Consolato Sergi

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Joachim.Schmutzhard@i-med.ac.at

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Summary

Neonatal hearing loss from birth asphyxia involves apoptosis, a cell death process. This study found apoptosis in the cochlea occurs before brain apoptosis, suggesting an earlier role in hearing impairment development.

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Area of Science:

  • Oto-neurology
  • Cellular biology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Neonatal hearing impairment is linked to pre- and perinatal asphyxia.
  • Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is crucial for inner ear development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of apoptosis in neonatal hearing loss caused by birth asphyxia.
  • To determine if apoptosis occurs in the cochlea before affecting brain tissue.

Main Methods:

  • Morphological analysis of eight temporal bones using light and transmission electron microscopy.
  • Immunohistochemical staining for cleaved caspase 3 (apoptosis marker) and Bcl 2 (anti-apoptotic marker).

Main Results:

  • Apoptosis was observed in the inner and outer hair cells, spiral ganglion cells, and stria vascularis.
  • Apoptotic changes in the cochlea were evident before any signs of apoptosis in the brain.
  • Caspase 3 activation correlated with Bcl 2 expression, indicating downstream apoptotic signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Apoptosis plays a significant role in the development of neonatal hearing impairment following birth asphyxia.
  • Cochlear apoptosis appears to be an earlier event than previously thought in the context of birth asphyxia.