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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:15

Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements

Carbohydrates are predominantly obtained from plant sources. With the exception of lactose found in milk and insignificant glycogen amounts in meat, most consumed carbohydrates have plant origins. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, or sugars, can be sourced from fruits, honey, milk, sugar cane, and sugar beets. Grains and vegetables are rich in the polysaccharide starch. Two types of polysaccharides provide fiber: cellulose, which is abundant in many vegetables, forms undigestible roughage or...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase

In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
Overview of Lipid Metabolism01:24

Overview of Lipid Metabolism

Lipid metabolism is a crucial process in the human body that involves the synthesis and degradation of lipids. This process is essential for energy production, cell membrane formation, and hormone production, among other functions.
Lipolysis: The Breakdown of Lipids:
Lipolysis is the process of breaking down lipids, particularly triglycerides, into glycerol and fatty acids. This process typically occurs in the adipose tissue and is triggered by various hormones, including glucagon and...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Vinyl Chloride and High-Fat Diet as a Model of Environment and Obesity Interaction
09:15

Vinyl Chloride and High-Fat Diet as a Model of Environment and Obesity Interaction

Published on: January 12, 2020

Fructose: should we worry?

G A Bray1

  • 1Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. brayga@pbrc.edu

International Journal of Obesity (2005)
|January 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) consumption parallels rising obesity rates. Increased intake of fructose from HFCS and sugar may contribute to obesity and metabolic syndrome.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Metabolic Health
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Obesity is a significant global health issue driven by a persistent positive energy balance.
  • While some obesity forms are diet-independent (e.g., leptin deficiency), most human obesity is linked to highly palatable foods.
  • The rise in obesity correlates with increased consumption of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) since the 1970s.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between increased fructose consumption, particularly from HFCS, and the growing prevalence of obesity.
  • To investigate the potential role of fructose in metabolic syndrome and abnormal lipid patterns.
  • To raise awareness regarding current high levels of fructose intake in the human diet.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data correlating obesity trends with HFCS usage.
  • Analysis of existing research linking fructose consumption to metabolic and lipid abnormalities.
  • Examination of the properties of HFCS and sugar contributing to palatability and consumption.

Main Results:

  • Obesity rates have increased significantly in parallel with the widespread use of HFCS in processed foods and beverages.
  • Fructose, a component of HFCS and sugar, contributes to the sweetness of products, potentially driving consumption.
  • Fructose consumption is associated with metabolic syndrome and adverse lipid profiles.

Conclusions:

  • The increasing consumption of fructose, especially from HFCS, is a potential driver of the obesity epidemic.
  • High fructose intake warrants concern due to its links with metabolic dysfunction and obesity.
  • Reducing fructose consumption may be a crucial strategy for public health to combat obesity and metabolic syndrome.