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Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
Transmission Line Design Considerations01:23

Transmission Line Design Considerations

Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
Induced Electric Dipoles01:28

Induced Electric Dipoles

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation
09:39

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

Published on: May 27, 2013

Parabolic tapered structure for an ultracompact multimode interference coupler.

P P Sahu1

  • 1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Assam, India. pps@tezu.ernet.in

Applied Optics
|January 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A novel parabolic tapered structure for 2x2 multimode interference (MMI) couplers significantly reduces coupling length. This design, using silicon oxinitride waveguides, halves the beat length compared to conventional MMI couplers.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation
09:39

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

Published on: May 27, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Optical Engineering
  • Integrated Optics
  • Waveguide Devices

Background:

  • Multimode interference (MMI) couplers are fundamental components in integrated optics.
  • Reducing the coupling length of MMI couplers is crucial for device miniaturization and performance enhancement.
  • Conventional MMI coupler designs face limitations in achieving shorter coupling lengths.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and theoretically investigate a parabolic tapered structure for 2x2 MMI couplers.
  • To reduce the coupling length of MMI couplers.
  • To compare the performance of the proposed tapered MMI coupler with conventional designs.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis using a mathematical model based on sinusoidal modes.
  • Simulation of coupling behaviors in silicon oxinitride (SiON) waveguides.
  • Comparison of beat length and fabrication tolerance with existing MMI structures.

Main Results:

  • The proposed parabolic tapered MMI coupler exhibits a beat length approximately half that of a conventional MMI coupler.
  • The study analyzes the effect of power imbalance on fabrication tolerance.
  • The tapered structure demonstrates improved characteristics compared to other MMI designs.

Conclusions:

  • The parabolic tapered structure offers a significant reduction in coupling length for 2x2 MMI couplers.
  • This design shows potential for creating more compact and efficient photonic devices.
  • Further investigation into fabrication tolerance is warranted for practical applications.