Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
Published on: January 17, 2025
The effect of symptom visibility on informant reporting
Elizabeth A McDade-Montez1, David Watson, Michael W O'Hara
1Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. liz-mcdade@uiowa.edu
Abstract:
Informant reporting is important in the assessment of depression and anxiety among individuals with cognitive impairment. The authors examined the influence of the visibility effect on the ease of rating depression and anxiety symptoms. Fifty-three family members of dementia patients and 65 staff members working with cognitively impaired adults judged the ratability of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms item pool. Results indicated that Appetite Loss, Lassitude, and Insomnia scales were easiest to rate; Suicidality and Traumatic Intrusions scales were most difficult to rate. Findings support the visibility effect and emphasize the importance of selecting easy to rate items for informants.
Related Concept Videos
Types of Reports II: Incident or Occurrence Report
Purposes:
In the healthcare industry, reports play a crucial role in documenting incidents within an agency. The primary objective of these reports is to ensure patient safety, uphold the...
The Availability Heuristic
Factors Affecting Illness
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness, disability,...
Social Facilitation
Bystander Effect
Actor-Observer Effect
