Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:26

Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Infrared spectroscopy is primarily used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups. In carboxylic acid derivatives, a typical carbonyl bond absorption is observed around 1650–1850 cm−1. For esters, the absorption is recorded at around 1740 cm−1, while acid halides show the absorption at about 1800 cm−1. Another acid derivative, the acid anhydrides, exhibit two carbonyl absorption around 1760 cm−1 and 1820 cm−1, arising from the symmetrical and unsymmetrical carbonyl vibration.
In the...
2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids01:28

IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids

In IR spectroscopy of carboxylic acids, the C=O bond shows a characteristic band between 1710 and 1760 cm⁻¹, and the O–H bond exhibits a broad band between 2500 and 3300 cm⁻¹.
However, the stretching absorptions for the C=O bond vary depending on the structure of carboxylic acids. The C=O bond of the free carboxylic acids shows a higher stretching frequency, 1760 cm−1, while H-bonded carboxylic acids (dimers) exhibit stretching absorptions at a lower frequency, 1710 cm−1. The C=O bond of the...
Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and the...
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry01:19

MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry is a powerful characterization technique that can identify and separate a wide variety of compounds ranging from chemical to biological entities, based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The instruments that allow this detection, known as mass spectrometers, have three components: an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. These spectrometers differ based on the nature of their ion source and analyzers.Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is a commonly...
Chemistry of Carbohydrates03:25

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. The stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule represents carbohydrates. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. This...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Conjugate Vaccines Targeting Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigens.

Vaccines·2026
Same author

"Click" chemistry for the assembly of entirely carbohydrate-based vaccines.

Organic & biomolecular chemistry·2026
Same author

Microwave-Assisted Neutral Glycosylation Reactions in the Absence of Reagent Activators.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Synthesis and inhibition studies of substrate analogues for MshC (cysteine ligase) enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Carbohydrate research·2025
Same author

The Glycopeptide PV-PS A1 Immunogen Elicits Both CD4+ and CD8+ Responses.

Vaccines·2025
Same author

Glycomimetics and Glycoconjugates in Drug Discovery.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy
10:37

Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy

Published on: March 16, 2020

Carbohydrate surface attachment characterized by sum frequency generation spectroscopy.

Achani K Yatawara1, Gopinath Tiruchinapally, Andrey N Bordenyuk

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|January 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study used vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy to confirm efficient (>90%) covalent attachment of glucose molecules to surfaces. The linker

More Related Videos

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy
09:43

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

Published on: August 13, 2019

Investigating Single Molecule Adhesion by Atomic Force Spectroscopy
09:48

Investigating Single Molecule Adhesion by Atomic Force Spectroscopy

Published on: February 27, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy
10:37

Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy

Published on: March 16, 2020

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy
09:43

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

Published on: August 13, 2019

Investigating Single Molecule Adhesion by Atomic Force Spectroscopy
09:48

Investigating Single Molecule Adhesion by Atomic Force Spectroscopy

Published on: February 27, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Surface Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Carbohydrate Chemistry

Background:

  • Covalent attachment of biomolecules to surfaces is crucial for various applications.
  • Understanding molecular organization at interfaces is key to controlling surface properties.
  • Maleimide-sulfhydryl chemistry offers a robust method for bioconjugation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the covalent surface attachment of carbohydrate moieties using maleimide-sulfhydryl chemistry.
  • To determine the efficiency and molecular organization of glucose adlayers formed on surfaces.
  • To investigate the influence of linker structure on carbohydrate orientation at the interface.

Main Methods:

  • Surface-selective vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy was employed.
  • Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with maleimide-terminated surfaces were prepared.
  • VSFG spectra of precursor and glucose-adsorbed surfaces were compared.

Main Results:

  • The maleimide-sulfhydryl reaction demonstrated high efficiency (>90%) for surface coupling.
  • VSFG spectra revealed well-ordered glucose adlayers with sharp C-H stretch bands.
  • Linker structure significantly impacted glucose orientation, with cysteine-based linkers showing distinct spectral features compared to alkanethiols.

Conclusions:

  • Covalent immobilization of carbohydrates via maleimide-sulfhydryl chemistry is highly efficient.
  • VSFG spectroscopy effectively probes the molecular ordering of surface-bound carbohydrates.
  • The choice of linker is critical in dictating the orientation of carbohydrate moieties at interfaces.