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Related Concept Videos

Chirality in Nature02:30

Chirality in Nature

Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid. The...
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Replacing each alpha-hydrogen in chloroethane by bromine (or a different functional group) yields a pair of enantiomers. Such protons are called prochiral or enantiotopic and are related by a mirror plane. Enantiotopic protons are chemically equivalent in an achiral environment. Because most proton NMR spectra are recorded using achiral solvents, enantiotopic hydrogens yield a single signal.
In chiral compounds such as 2-butanol, replacing the methylene hydrogens at C3 produces a pair of...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
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Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy
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Published on: August 13, 2019

DNA at aqueous/solid interfaces: chirality-based detection via second harmonic generation activity.

Faith C Boman1, Julianne M Gibbs-Davis, Laurel M Heckman

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a label-free method to track DNA hybridization in real-time. This technique uses nonlinear optical linear dichroism to detect Watson-Crick base pairing between adenine and thymine bases in DNA at interfaces.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Surface Science
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • DNA hybridization is crucial for biological processes and diagnostics.
  • Monitoring DNA interactions at interfaces is challenging.
  • Existing methods often require labels or are not real-time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a label-free, real-time method for tracking DNA hybridization at aqueous/solid interfaces.
  • To demonstrate the utility of nonlinear optical linear dichroism for studying DNA interactions.
  • To quantify surface-bound DNA using nonlinear optical signals.

Main Methods:

  • Covalent attachment of DNA oligonucleotides to fused quartz/aqueous interfaces.
  • Measurement of nonlinear optical linear dichroism spectra.
  • Complementary chi(3) charge screening studies.

Main Results:

  • A strong nonlinear optical linear dichroism response was observed upon Watson-Crick base pairing (adenine-thymine).
  • The signal originated from a high density of surface-bound DNA (5 x 10^11 strands/cm^2 or 6 attomoles).
  • Label-free, molecular-specific detection of interfacial DNA hybridization was achieved.

Conclusions:

  • Nonlinear optical linear dichroism is a powerful tool for studying DNA hybridization at interfaces.
  • This method enables real-time, label-free monitoring of DNA interactions.
  • The technique has potential applications in biosensing and molecular diagnostics.