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Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction

Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by mucosal excavation in the esophagus, stomach, pylorus, or duodenum. It can manifest as acute or chronic based on the extent and duration of mucosal involvement.
An acute ulcer, marked by superficial erosion and minimal inflammation, swiftly resolves upon identifying and addressing the underlying cause. In contrast, a chronic ulcer persists, potentially eroding through the muscular wall and forming fibrous tissue.
Peptic ulcers can also be...

Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction

Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) involves breaks in the gastrointestinal tract's mucosal lining, primarily in the stomach and duodenum, with less frequent occurrences in the lower esophagus or near the pylorus.Ulcers can be acute or chronic. Acute ulcers are short-lived with minimal inflammation and heal quickly after the irritant is removed. Chronic ulcers persist, may recur, and often cause scarring due to ongoing tissue damage. Superficial erosions affect only the mucosal layer and are called...

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Complications

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Complications

Duodenal UlcersDuodenal ulcers are the most common form of peptic ulcer disease, presenting with chronic, intermittent epigastric pain. Pain typically appears 2–3 hours after meals, especially when the stomach is empty, often waking patients at night. It is characteristically relieved by food or antacids (“pain–food–relief”). Some patients remain asymptomatic until complications like bleeding or perforation emerge, particularly with NSAID or anticoagulant use.Gastric UlcersGastric ulcers share...

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) presents with diverse symptoms depending on the location and severity of the ulcer. Clinical manifestations of peptic ulcer include dull pain and a burning sensation in the mid-epigastric region.
Few clinical manifestations differentiate gastric ulcers from duodenal ulcers. Distinctions in the location, timing, and pain relief are crucial for healthcare providers in differentiating between gastric and duodenal ulcers during clinical assessments.

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by the development of ulcers in the stomach or duodenal mucosa. Its pathophysiology is complex, involving a balance between damaging and protective elements.
Damaging agents such as Helicobacter pylori, gastric acid, pepsin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can weaken the mucosal defense, allowing hydrogen ions to infiltrate back and harm epithelial cells.

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

Peptic ulcer disease develops when protective mechanisms of the gastrointestinal mucosa are overwhelmed by harmful factors, leading to localized erosions in the stomach or proximal duodenum. The main causes are Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Helicobacter pylori–Induced InjuryBacterial Adaptation and Colonization:H. pylori is a spiral, Gram-negative bacterium adapted to the acidic stomach. and transmitted through oral-oral or...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Systematic Scoring Analysis for Intestinal Inflammation in a Murine Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis Model

Systematic Scoring Analysis for Intestinal Inflammation in a Murine Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis Model

Published on: February 14, 2021

Long-standing oral ulcers: proposal for a new 'S-C-D classification system'.

D Compilato¹, N Cirillo, N Termine

¹Department of Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.

Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology

|January 15, 2009

Summary

Diagnosing persistent oral ulcers is challenging. This review proposes a Simple, Complex, Destroying (S-C-D) system to aid clinicians in identifying and managing long-standing oral ulcerations.

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Systematic Scoring Analysis for Intestinal Inflammation in a Murine Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis Model

Systematic Scoring Analysis for Intestinal Inflammation in a Murine Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis Model

Published on: February 14, 2021

Examination of Oral Candida Infection in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients

Examination of Oral Candida Infection in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients

Published on: March 1, 2024

Area of Science:

Oral Medicine
Dermatology
Pathology

Background:

Persistent oral ulcers and erosions manifest diverse underlying conditions, often indistinguishable clinically.
Differential diagnosis is challenging, requiring comprehensive evaluation of ulcer characteristics and systemic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

To review literature on persistent oral ulcers.
To provide a clinical-based diagnostic tool for recognizing long-standing oral ulcers in dental practice.

Main Methods:

Literature review using MEDLINE, PubMed, and Ovid databases.
Analysis of diagnostic criteria including clinical appearance, ulcer characteristics, mucosal condition, and systemic involvement.

Main Results:

A new classification system, Simple, Complex, and Destroying (S-C-D) ulcerations, is proposed.
Each category within the S-C-D system necessitates distinct diagnostic approaches and management strategies.

Conclusions:

The S-C-D system offers a structured approach to the diagnosis of persistent oral ulcers.
This classification aims to improve diagnostic accuracy and guide appropriate patient management in clinical dental practice.