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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure entails...

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...

Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)...

Barrett Esophagus-I: Introduction

Barrett Esophagus-I: Introduction

Barrett's esophagus is a medical condition where the esophageal mucosa is significantly damaged by stomach acid or other digestive fluids, often due to long-term exposure associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In GERD, a weakened or abnormally relaxed lower esophageal sphincter allows stomach acid to flow persistently into the esophagus.
This constant acid exposure transforms the esophagus's pink mucosal lining (stratified squamous epithelium) into a type of lining more similar...

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Models to Investigate the Epithelial Barrier in Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Models to Investigate the Epithelial Barrier in Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Published on: May 10, 2024

Eosinophilic esophagitis.

James P Franciosi¹, Chris A Liacouras

¹Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML 2010, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. james.franciosi@cchmc.org

Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America

|January 15, 2009

Summary

Eosinophilic esophagitis involves esophageal inflammation and symptoms unresponsive to acid treatment. Diagnosis requires endoscopy, biopsies, and allergy testing, with diet and steroids proving effective for most patients.

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Development of Compendium for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Published on: April 12, 2024

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Allergy and Immunology

Background:

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is characterized by esophageal eosinophilic inflammation.
Symptoms are refractory to standard acid suppression or occur with normal esophageal pH.
Diagnosis requires invasive procedures and specialist consultation.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize the diagnostic criteria and management of eosinophilic esophagitis.
To highlight the importance of differentiating EoE from other esophageal conditions.

Main Methods:

Review of diagnostic procedures including upper endoscopy and esophageal biopsies.
Emphasis on allergy referral and food allergen testing.
Discussion of therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

Upper endoscopy with biopsies is essential for diagnosis.
Food allergen testing and subsequent dietary changes are key management components.
Topical corticosteroids are effective in managing EoE symptoms.

Conclusions:

Eosinophilic esophagitis requires a specific diagnostic approach.
Multidisciplinary management involving gastroenterologists and allergists is crucial.
Dietary modifications and corticosteroid therapy offer effective treatment for most patients.