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Related Concept Videos

Cofactors and Coenzymes01:27

Cofactors and Coenzymes

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Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions and coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both of these types of helper molecule can be tightly bound to the enzyme or bound only when the substrate binds.
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Cofactors and Coenzymes01:24

Cofactors and Coenzymes

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Enzymes are proteins made of amino acids. The functional group of each constituent amino acid catalyzes a wide variety of chemical reactions via ionic interactions or acid-base reactions. However, amino acids cannot catalyze oxidation-reduction and group transfer reactions and need to be aided by non-protein components called cofactors. Cofactors are also referred to as the chemical teeth of an enzyme.
Cofactors can be metallic ions or organic molecules called coenzymes. These types of helper...
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Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

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Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
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Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂01:29

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The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. The principal electron carriers that will be considered originate from the B vitamin group and are derivatives of nucleotides; they are...
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Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:15

Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

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Nucleophilic acyl substitution is an important class of substitution reactions involving a nucleophile and an acyl compound, such as carboxylic acids and their derivatives. In these reactions, the leaving group attached to the acyl group is substituted by a nucleophile. The general mechanism proceeds via two steps.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene01:11

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The Friedel–Crafts acylation reactions involve the addition of an acyl group to an aromatic ring. These reactions proceed via electrophilic aromatic substitution by employing an acyl chloride and a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride to form aryl ketone.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Click-Chemistry Based Fluorometric Assay for Apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase from Enzyme Characterization to High-Throughput Screening
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Click-Chemistry Based Fluorometric Assay for Apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase from Enzyme Characterization to High-Throughput Screening

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Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferases.

Ta-Yuan Chang1, Bo-Liang Li, Catherine C Y Chang

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, 1 Rope Ferry Rd., Hanover, NH 03755-1404, USA. Ta.Yuan.Chang@Dartmouth.edu

American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
|January 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Acyl-coenzyme A (CoA):cholesterol acyltransferases (ACATs) are key enzymes in cholesterol metabolism. This review covers ACAT genes, proteins, and their potential as drug targets for atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Acyl-coenzyme A (CoA):cholesterol acyltransferases (ACATs) are membrane-bound enzymes crucial for cellular cholesterol homeostasis.
  • Two mammalian isoenzymes, ACAT1 and ACAT2, encoded by distinct genes, are involved in synthesizing cholesteryl esters from cholesterol and fatty acyl-CoA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on ACAT genes and proteins.
  • To review ACAT enzymes as potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on ACATs.
  • Analysis of ACAT gene and protein structures and functions.
  • Evaluation of ACATs' role in disease pathogenesis and therapeutic potential.

Main Results:

  • ACATs are integral to managing cellular cholesterol levels across various tissues.
  • ACAT1 and ACAT2 exhibit distinct expression patterns and functions.
  • ACAT enzymes represent promising targets for pharmacological intervention in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding ACAT biology is essential for developing novel treatments.
  • Targeting ACATs offers a potential strategy for managing atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
  • Further research into ACAT isoenzymes may unlock new therapeutic avenues.