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Related Concept Videos

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Studying the Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeletal architecture can be studied using different microscopic and biochemical techniques. Electron microscopy was instrumental in discovering the cytoskeletal architecture around the 1960s, which allowed obtaining structural information at a high-resolution level. However, the sample preparation procedure often limits this ability in biological samples. Several protocols have been developed over the years to optimize sample preparation. In one of the protocols known as rotary...
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Overview of Microscopy Techniques

The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
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Two-dimensional (2D) microscopy encompasses a range of optical techniques that capture images within a single focal plane, offering detailed representations of microscopic structures. These techniques are essential in biological and medical research, enabling the visualization of cellular and subcellular structures with different levels of contrast and specificity.There are several major types of 2D microscopy, each with strengths and applications.Bright-Field MicroscopyBright-field microscopy...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Using 2-Photon Microscopy to Quantify the Effects of Chronic Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction on Glomerular Processes
11:47

Using 2-Photon Microscopy to Quantify the Effects of Chronic Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction on Glomerular Processes

Published on: March 4, 2022

Techniques to study nephron function: microscopy and imaging.

Bruce A Molitoris1, Ruben M Sandoval

  • 1Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA. bmolitor@iupui.edu

Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology
|January 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two-photon microscopy enables high-resolution, in vivo study of kidney function, advancing molecular and physiological research. This technique allows simultaneous observation of multiple processes, minimizing animal use and enhancing data interpretation.

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

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Published on: April 23, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Biomedical Optics
  • Molecular Imaging

Background:

  • Studying dynamic kidney processes requires advanced imaging techniques.
  • Current methods often lack subcellular resolution or require tissue fixation.
  • In vivo imaging offers a more comprehensive understanding of kidney physiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the potential of two-photon microscopy for studying kidney function.
  • To demonstrate how this technique can provide subcellular resolution of dynamic events.
  • To emphasize its advantages over traditional methods for in vivo kidney research.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advances in optics, computer sciences, and fluorophores.
  • Employing two-photon microscopy for high spatial and temporal resolution imaging.
  • Performing quantitative 4D (time) analysis with volumetric (3D) data acquisition.
  • Concurrent use of multiple fluorophores to observe simultaneous processes.

Main Results:

  • Enabled observation of complex kidney processes with subcellular resolution.
  • Facilitated repeat determinations in the same animal, reducing animal use and variability.
  • Allowed simultaneous visualization of up to three different or interactive processes.
  • Provided a non-fixation method for in vivo molecular analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Two-photon microscopy offers significant promise for advancing kidney research.
  • This technique complements existing molecular and biochemical methods.
  • It facilitates a deeper understanding of kidney physiology and pathophysiology at the subcellular level.