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Related Concept Videos

Tuberculosis01:23

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, primarily targeting the lungs and spreading through airborne transmission. Infection begins when aerosolized droplet nuclei, expelled by an individual with active TB, are inhaled by another person. These microscopic particles carry Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Upon reaching the alveoli, the bacilli are engulfed by alveolar macrophages. However, due to their specialized lipid-rich cell wall, these pathogens...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the progression...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

A Tuberculosis Molecular Bacterial Load Assay (TB-MBLA)
10:41

A Tuberculosis Molecular Bacterial Load Assay (TB-MBLA)

Published on: April 30, 2020

What has Karonga taught us? Tuberculosis studied over three decades.

A C Crampin1, J R Glynn, P E M Fine

  • 1London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. mia.crampin@lshtm.ac.uk

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : the Official Journal of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
|January 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) significantly increased tuberculosis (TB) incidence in rural Malawi. Long-term studies show HIV drives TB, but BCG vaccine is ineffective against adult pulmonary TB.

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The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis
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Published on: September 5, 2017

Area of Science:

  • * Global Health
  • * Epidemiology
  • * Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • * Tuberculosis (TB) research in Karonga District, Malawi, spans nearly 30 years, reflecting patterns in rural Africa.
  • * The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic has profoundly impacted TB incidence since the 1980s.
  • * High annual risks of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection persist, with most of the population remaining susceptible.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To summarize 30 years of TB research in Karonga District, Malawi.
  • * To analyze the impact of HIV and other factors on TB incidence, disease progression, and mortality.
  • * To evaluate the efficacy of BCG vaccination and explore potential protective mechanisms against TB.

Main Methods:

  • * Long-term population-based studies, including tuberculin surveys and molecular epidemiology.
  • * Analysis of TB case data, HIV co-infection rates, and drug resistance patterns.
  • * Immunological studies and clinical trials of interventions like BCG and immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • * TB incidence peaked around 2000, largely driven by HIV, with 57% of cases attributable to HIV by 2001.
  • * Recent infection accounts for two-thirds of TB cases, but recognized contact explains only 10%.
  • * HIV significantly increases TB risk in young adults and recurrence after treatment; BCG offers no protection against adult pulmonary TB.

Conclusions:

  • * HIV is the dominant driver of the TB epidemic in this rural African setting.
  • * Environmental mycobacteria exposure may offer some protection against TB, potentially explaining BCG's limited efficacy.
  • * Long-term studies are crucial for understanding TB natural history and informing public health policy, with current research focusing on antiretroviral treatment impacts.