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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules in Signaling01:22

Microtubules in Signaling

The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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Protein Transport to the Thylakoids01:22

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Thylakoids are membrane-bound sac-like structures within the chloroplast that serve as sites for photosynthesis. Thylakoid lumen contains many electron transport proteins and is enclosed by a thylakoid membrane rich in the light-harvesting complex. Proteins targeted to the thylakoids are transported as precursors and are sorted by the general TOC/TIC import pathway. Once the precursor reaches the stroma, stromal processing peptidases remove their transit signal and expose thylakoid signal...
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Tail-anchored, or TA, proteins are estimated to make up to 3-5% of membrane proteins found in the eukaryotic cell. Such proteins have a single transmembrane domain located approximately 30 amino acid residues upstream from the C-terminal end. As a result, the signal recognition particle (SRP) cannot guide a TA protein to the ER membrane for cotranslational insertion. Hence, they are integrated into the ER membrane post-translationally using their C-terminal end as the anchor. TA proteins...
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Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea
07:07

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Published on: February 21, 2016

Targeting proteins to the ciliary membrane.

Gregory J Pazour1, Robert A Bloodgood

  • 1Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|January 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Solitary nonmotile cilia act as cellular antennae, crucial for mammalian development and sensing the environment. Defects in these cilia cause severe developmental issues and various organ pathologies, highlighting their essential sensory functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Vertebrate cells possess solitary nonmotile cilia, functioning as sensory antennae for the extracellular environment.
  • These organelles are vital for mammalian development, coordinating cellular actions with surrounding events.
  • Cilia defects lead to embryonic lethality and diverse pathologies, including cystic diseases, retinal degeneration, and skeletal defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of ciliary membrane structure and function.
  • To discuss the assembly and maintenance mechanisms of the ciliary membrane.
  • To explore the protein machinery involved in ciliary protein trafficking.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on cilia and ciliary membranes.
  • Analysis of studies on protein localization and trafficking to cilia.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge regarding ciliary membrane biogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Cilia are critical for sensing the extracellular environment and orchestrating cellular activities during development.
  • Specific protein localization to the ciliary membrane is essential for its sensory functions.
  • Despite continuity with the plasma membrane, cells exhibit precise control over ciliary membrane composition.

Conclusions:

  • The ciliary membrane is a specialized domain with unique protein composition, vital for cellular signaling.
  • Understanding ciliary membrane assembly and protein trafficking is key to addressing associated pathologies.
  • Further research into the protein machinery governing ciliary membrane dynamics is warranted.