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Related Concept Videos

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

A Suture Technique for Ruptured Annulus Fibrosus Following Decompression Under Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy
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Association between annular tears and disk degeneration: a longitudinal study.

A Sharma1, T Pilgram, F J Wippold

  • 1Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. sharmaa@mir.wustl.edu

AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
|January 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Annular tears, a common finding in spinal imaging, appear early in disc degeneration. These tears are linked to accelerated nuclear degeneration, impacting spine health over time.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Radiology
  • Spinal Imaging

Background:

  • Annular tears and nuclear degeneration frequently coexist in intervertebral discs.
  • The precise temporal relationship between these two conditions is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if annular tears precede nuclear degeneration.
  • To investigate if the progression of nuclear degeneration is influenced by the presence of annular tears.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of lumbar spine MR imaging from 46 patients with back pain.
  • Two neuroradiologists evaluated intervertebral discs (T12-S1) for annular tears (hyperintense foci) and graded disc signal intensity and degeneration (Pfirrmann scale).
  • Statistical comparison of degeneration grades and changes over a mean 31.8-month follow-up interval between discs with and without annular tears.

Main Results:

  • Annular tears were identified in 73.5% of evaluated discs.
  • Discs with annular tears showed significantly higher degeneration grades compared to those without tears.
  • A greater increase in degeneration grades was observed in discs with annular tears on follow-up imaging.

Conclusions:

  • Annular tears are an early feature of intervertebral disc degeneration.
  • The presence of annular tears is associated with accelerated subsequent nuclear degeneration.