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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

Overview
Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death01:11

Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death

Cell death is the irreversible loss of cellular structure and function, representing the final stage of severe injury. It plays a key role in both normal physiology and disease.Types of Cell DeathThe two main types are necrosis and apoptosis, though others like necroptosis and pyroptosis also exist.Necrosis:Necrosis is an unregulated form of cell death caused by severe injury such as trauma, toxins, or ischemia. It is characterized by cell swelling, membrane loss, rupture, and leakage of...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
10:23

Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death

Published on: January 20, 2023

Pyroptosis: host cell death and inflammation.

Tessa Bergsbaken1, Susan L Fink, Brad T Cookson

  • 1Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.

Nature Reviews. Microbiology
|January 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Pyroptosis, a programmed cell death, is inflammatory and fights infection but can be hijacked by pathogens. Host-pathogen competition to control pyroptosis determines survival outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Immunology
  • Pathogen-host interactions

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cells initiate self-destruction pathways influencing physiological outcomes.
  • Pyroptosis (caspase 1-dependent cell death) is an inflammatory process triggered by pathological stimuli and crucial for infection control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the inflammatory nature of pyroptosis.
  • To explain the role of pyroptosis in host defense against pathogens.
  • To describe pathogen strategies to inhibit pyroptosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cell death pathways.
  • Analysis of the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis.
  • Examination of host-pathogen interactions involving pyroptosis regulation.

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Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages
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Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages
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Main Results:

  • Pyroptosis is a key inflammatory cell death pathway.
  • Pathogens have evolved mechanisms to evade or inhibit pyroptosis.
  • Dysregulation of pyroptosis contributes to disease persistence.

Conclusions:

  • Pyroptosis is a critical but targetable component of the innate immune system.
  • Understanding pyroptosis regulation is vital for developing new therapeutic strategies.
  • The balance between host and pathogen control of pyroptosis is a determinant of disease outcome.