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Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...

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Related Experiment Video

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Studying Surfactant Effects on Hydrate Crystallization at Oil-Water Interfaces Using a Low-Cost Integrated Modular Peltier Device
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A pilot study evaluating surfactant on eustachian tube function in divers.

Christopher Duplessis1, David Fothergill, Jeff Gertner

  • 1Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, Naval Submarine Base New London, Box 900, Groton, CT 06349-5900, USA.

Military Medicine
|January 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This pilot study found no significant improvement in eustachian tube function for divers using intranasal surfactant or other tested agents to prevent middle ear barotrauma. Further research with larger populations is needed.

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Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device

Published on: September 24, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Diving Medicine
  • Aerospace Medicine
  • Hyperbaric Medicine

Background:

  • Middle ear barotrauma (MEBT) is a common diving and aviation complication.
  • Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) increases MEBT risk.
  • Previous animal studies showed surfactant improved eustachian tube (ET) function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Evaluate intranasal surfactant efficacy in reducing MEBT during repetitive diving.
  • Assess other agents like acetylcysteine, oxymetazoline, and pseudoephedrine.
  • Compare interventions against a saline placebo.

Main Methods:

  • Eight divers participated in a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
  • Tested intranasal surfactant, acetylcysteine, oxymetazoline, and oral pseudoephedrine.
  • Used Nine-Step Inflation/Deflation Tympanometry Test (NSI/DT) and sonotubometry (ETOP) before and after dives.

Main Results:

  • Sonotubometry showed trends toward improved ET opening pressure (ETOP) post-dive across all arms, significantly for oxymetazoline.
  • No significant improvements in ET function were detected via NSI/DT for any drug intervention.
  • Only four of eight divers experienced diving holds, and repetitive dives did not significantly impair ET function in placebo trials.

Conclusions:

  • High variability exists in daily ET function.
  • Current interventions did not demonstrate superiority over placebo in this underpowered study.
  • Larger trials with diagnosed ET dysfunction subjects are warranted to assess inhaled agents for preventing ET dysfunction.