Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Fresh Garlic Extract Induces Growth Arrest and Morphological Differentiation of MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells.

Genes & cancer·2012
Same author

Hsp22 (HspB8/H11) knockdown induces Sam68 expression and stimulates proliferation of glioblastoma cells.

Journal of cellular physiology·2011
Same author

An anti-apoptotic protein, Hax-1, inhibits the HIV-1 rev function by altering its sub-cellular localization.

Journal of cellular physiology·2007
Same author

Regulation of Sam68 activity by small heat shock protein 22.

Journal of cellular biochemistry·2006
Same author

Retroviral Foxp3 gene transfer ameliorates liver granuloma pathology in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice.

Immunology·2005
Same author

Sam68 is absolutely required for Rev function and HIV-1 production.

Nucleic acids research·2005
Same journal

Weight Change with Long-Acting Cabotegravir Plus Rilpivirine in People with HIV: Targeted Review and Meta-Analysis.

Current HIV research·2026
Same journal

Corrigendum to: Impact of HIV-1 Tat on FDFT1 Suppression, Changes in Cholesterol Level, and KSHV Replication in BCBL1 Cells.

Current HIV research·2026
Same journal

Study of Class I HDAC-1, -2, and -3 Inhibitors Designed by Bioisosteric Replacement of Zinc Binding Groups and Caps of Traditional Pan Inhibitors: An <i>In Silico</i> Approach.

Current HIV research·2026
Same journal

Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of Individuals Receiving Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV in the Republic of Cyprus: A Cross-sectional Study.

Current HIV research·2026
Same journal

Characterization of HIV-1 vpu Gene from Suppressed Viremic Older Individuals with HIV on Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy.

Current HIV research·2026
Same journal

A Case Report of HIV Transmission Within a Household Involving a Married Man Who Has Sex with Men in China.

Current HIV research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry
09:38

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 26, 2019

Cellular proteins and HIV-1 Rev function.

Modem Suhasini1, Thipparthi R Reddy

  • 1Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.

Current HIV Research
|January 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores cellular cofactors, beyond Crm1, that are essential for Rev protein function in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Understanding these interactions is key to developing novel antiviral strategies.

More Related Videos

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing
07:18

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

Published on: January 22, 2019

Specific Marking of HIV-1 Positive Cells using a Rev-dependent Lentiviral Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein
09:53

Specific Marking of HIV-1 Positive Cells using a Rev-dependent Lentiviral Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein

Published on: September 23, 2010

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry
09:38

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 26, 2019

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing
07:18

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

Published on: January 22, 2019

Specific Marking of HIV-1 Positive Cells using a Rev-dependent Lentiviral Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein
09:53

Specific Marking of HIV-1 Positive Cells using a Rev-dependent Lentiviral Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein

Published on: September 23, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) controls viral gene expression through complex post-transcriptional mechanisms, including RNA splicing and nuclear export.
  • The viral Rev protein is critical for the nuclear export of unspliced and incompletely spliced viral RNAs, a process essential for viral replication.
  • While host factors like Crm1 are known to mediate Rev shuttling, other cellular proteins also play significant roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review cellular cofactors, other than Crm1, importin-beta, and nucleoporins, that are implicated in Rev protein function.
  • To elucidate the roles of these cofactors in the Rev/RRE (Rev response element) interaction and subsequent viral RNA export.
  • To highlight the importance of these cofactors in the context of HIV-1 replication.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review focusing on cellular proteins interacting with the HIV-1 Rev protein.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the functional impact of these cofactors on Rev/RRE-mediated nuclear export.
  • Integration of findings related to HIV-1 replication.

Main Results:

  • Identified several cellular cofactors, including eIF5a, hRIP, Sam68, and RNA helicases, that participate in Rev function.
  • These cofactors modulate Rev/RRE interactions and influence the efficiency of viral RNA nuclear export.
  • The interplay between Rev and these host factors is crucial for effective viral gene expression and replication.

Conclusions:

  • The function of the HIV-1 Rev protein is supported by a network of cellular cofactors beyond the well-characterized Crm1 pathway.
  • These additional cofactors represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention against HIV-1.
  • Further research into these interactions can provide deeper insights into HIV-1 pathogenesis and host-virus dynamics.