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Related Concept Videos

Magnetism01:30

Magnetism

Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...
Gravitation01:16

Gravitation

In the years before Newton, a general belief prevailed that different laws governed objects in the sky than objects on Earth. When Kepler wrote down the three laws of planetary motion, explaining in detail the geometrical properties of the planetary orbits around the Sun, there was no immediate idea to discern their connection with more fundamental laws. It was Isaac Newton who, in 1665–66, figured out the connection between planetary motion, the motion of the moon around the Earth, and the...
Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
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Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession, and the angular frequency...
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Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface
06:14

Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface

Published on: July 30, 2020

Early lunar magnetism.

Ian Garrick-Bethell1, Benjamin P Weiss, David L Shuster

  • 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 54-521, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. iang@mit.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|January 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Moon likely had a metallic core dynamo, generating a magnetic field over 4.2 billion years ago. Analysis of ancient lunar rock supports this core dynamo hypothesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Geophysics
  • Lunar Science

Background:

  • The existence of a metallic core and dynamo in the Moon is uncertain.
  • Lunar crustal magnetization could originate from impacts, not a dynamo.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the origin of lunar magnetization.
  • Determine if the Moon possessed an ancient core dynamo.

Main Methods:

  • Magnetic measurements of troctolite 76535.
  • 40Ar/39Ar thermochronological dating of the lunar rock.

Main Results:

  • Identified the oldest known unshocked lunar rock, troctolite 76535.
  • Data imply a long-lived lunar magnetic field (≥1 microtesla) existed ~4.2 billion years ago.

Conclusions:

  • The early age, intensity, and duration of the lunar field support an ancient lunar core dynamo.
  • This finding challenges impact-generated magnetization theories.