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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation
17:28

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation

Published on: June 17, 2015

Early toxicity screening strategies.

Nigel Greene1, Russell Naven

  • 1Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA.

Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development
|January 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early identification of drug toxicity is crucial for pharmaceutical research and development. Improving early toxicity detection helps focus resources on successful compounds, addressing declining drug approvals and high attrition rates.

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High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)
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High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)

Published on: May 10, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Toxicology
  • Drug Discovery and Development

Background:

  • Pharmaceutical R&D spending has increased, yet new drug approvals have declined.
  • Compound attrition due to toxicity exceeds 30% during drug development.
  • Late-stage failures significantly impact the pharmaceutical industry's sustainability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the need for improved early identification of drug toxicities.
  • To enable focused resource allocation on compounds with higher success probability.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of pharmaceutical R&D trends and drug approval rates.
  • Review of compound attrition data, focusing on toxicity as a cause.
  • Assessment of the economic impact of late-stage drug development failures.

Main Results:

  • Toxicity is a primary driver of compound attrition (>30%) and post-approval drug withdrawals.
  • Declining drug approvals contrast with increased R&D investment.
  • Late-stage failures contribute disproportionately to escalating R&D costs.

Conclusions:

  • Early toxicity detection is essential for improving drug development efficiency.
  • Focusing on compounds with predictable safety profiles can mitigate R&D risks.
  • Enhanced early-stage safety assessments are key to a sustainable pharmaceutical business model.