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Semiconductors

Semiconductors

There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...

Types of Semiconductors

Types of Semiconductors

Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The semiconductor's...

Schottky Barrier Diode

Schottky Barrier Diode

Schottky barrier diodes are specialized semiconductor devices characterized by their unique construction. This construction involves combining a metal layer with a moderately doped n-type semiconductor material. This combination leads to the formation of a Schottky barrier, a pivotal element that defines the diode's operational characteristics. The core functionality of Schottky barrier diodes is their capacity to allow current to flow in only one direction due to their distinctive...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Synthesis, Characterization, and Functionalization of Hybrid Au/CdS and Au/ZnS Core/Shell Nanoparticles

Synthesis, Characterization, and Functionalization of Hybrid Au/CdS and Au/ZnS Core/Shell Nanoparticles

Published on: March 2, 2016

Core/Shell semiconductor nanocrystals.

Peter Reiss¹, Myriam Protière, Liang Li

¹CEA Grenoble, INAC-SPrAM,UMR 5819 CEA-CNRS-UJF, Grenoble cedex 9, France. peter.reiss@cea.fr

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|January 21, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Colloidal core/shell nanocrystals offer tunable optical properties and enhanced stability. Their shell protects the core, improving fluorescence for applications like biological labeling and light-emitting devices.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Optoelectronics

Background:

Colloidal core/shell nanocrystals feature multiple semiconductor layers in an onionlike arrangement.
These structures enable tuning of optical properties like fluorescence wavelength, quantum yield, and lifetime.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in the synthesis and fundamental properties of core/shell and core/multiple shell semiconductor nanocrystals.
To highlight the role of the shell in enhancing nanocrystal performance for various applications.

Main Methods:

Discussion of epitaxial growth techniques for creating core/shell structures.
Focus on semiconductor materials including II-VI, IV-VI, and III-V compounds.

Main Results:

The shell acts as a protective barrier, increasing resistance to environmental factors and photo-oxidation.
Efficient passivation of surface trap states by the shell leads to significantly enhanced fluorescence quantum yields.
Improved emission properties are crucial for applications in biological labeling and light-emitting devices.

Conclusions:

Core/shell nanocrystal design is pivotal for optimizing optical and stability characteristics.
Advances in synthesis methods facilitate the development of sophisticated nanocrystal architectures for cutting-edge applications.