Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

Calibration Curves: Correlation Coefficient

Calibration Curves: Correlation Coefficient

In a linear calibration curve, there is a value called the calibration coefficient, denoted by 'r,' which measures the strength and the direction of association between two variables. The correlation coefficient value ranges from −1 to +1. A value of +1 indicates a perfect positive linear correlation, −1 denotes a perfect negative correlation, and 0 implies no correlation between the two variables. A positive correlation value establishes that as one variable increases, the other increases, and...

Anatomy of the Eyeball

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Simulated study to examine shower drain splash risks in healthcare from a multi-disciplinary team perspective: time to reconsider ensuite facility redesign?

The Journal of hospital infection·2026

Same author

Transient visual evoked potential abnormalities in ADNP syndrome.

Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders·2026

Same author

Measuring Multisensory Integration in Clinical Settings: Comparing an Established Laboratory Method with a Novel Digital Health App.

Brain sciences·2025

Same author

How Does Anterior Vertebral Body Tethering Compare to Posterior Spinal Fusion for Thoracic Idiopathic Scoliosis? A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial.

Clinical orthopaedics and related research·2025

Same author

Cortical processing of color: Chromatic visual evoked potentials.

Vision research·2025

Same author

Harmful Marketing: An Overlooked Social Determinant of Health.

Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

EasyFiji: A Graphical Interface for User-Friendly Fluorescence Image Processing in Fiji

EasyFiji: A Graphical Interface for User-Friendly Fluorescence Image Processing in Fiji

Published on: February 20, 2026

Color vision panel tests: a metric for interpreting numeric analytic indices.

Israel Abramov¹, James Gordon

¹Department of Psychology, Applied Vision Institute, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA. iabramov@brooklyn.cuny.edu

Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry

|January 22, 2009

Summary

Color vision performance can be assessed by comparing patient results to color-normal individuals viewing panel tests at varying distances. This method provides a standardized interpretation similar to visual acuity charts.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

EasyFiji: A Graphical Interface for User-Friendly Fluorescence Image Processing in Fiji

EasyFiji: A Graphical Interface for User-Friendly Fluorescence Image Processing in Fiji

Published on: February 20, 2026

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Optometry
Color Vision Science

Background:

Quantifying color vision deficits in panel tests is crucial for diagnosis.
Existing numerical indices require standardized interpretation methods.
Vingrys and King-Smith's indices offer a framework for assessing color vision performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a metric for interpreting numerical indices derived from color vision panel tests.
To establish performance benchmarks for color-normal individuals under varying viewing conditions.
To evaluate the impact of viewing distance on color vision index values.

Main Methods:

Seven color-normal participants performed panel tests at viewing distances from 0.5 to 7.56 m.
Sixty-nine volunteers were tested with Farnsworth D-15 and Lanthony desaturated D-15 panels to establish cutoff values.
Ninety percentiles of index values were determined for each participant's worse eye.

Main Results:

Color vision indices (C-index and S-index) worsen for normal observers beyond 2 m viewing distance.
Index values deteriorate exponentially with increased viewing distance.
Functions for Farnsworth and Lanthony panels are highly correlated, allowing for a unified approach.
Cutoff values correspond to a standard viewing distance of approximately 2.5 to 3.0 m.

Conclusions:

Color vision performance can be interpreted by comparing individual results to color-normal performance at non-standard distances.
This interpretation method is analogous to the Snellen notation used for visual acuity.
The proposed metric aids in standardizing the interpretation of color vision panel test results.