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Related Concept Videos

Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...
Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...
Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...
Proofreading01:31

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore,  it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
Errors During Replication are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase Enzyme

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
09:26

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

Published on: December 29, 2021

Production of random DNA oligomers for scalable DNA computing.

Sixue S L Wang1, John J X Johnson, Bradley S T Hughes

  • 1University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

Biotechnology Journal
|January 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Synthesizing many DNA strands for computation is costly. This study uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a few random DNA templates, creating numerous distinct DNA molecules affordably for DNA computing applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Computational Science

Background:

  • Complex DNA networks require numerous distinct DNA strands for large computational spaces.
  • Economical synthesis of a vast number of unique DNA strands remains a significant challenge in DNA computing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a cost-effective method for producing a large quantity of distinct DNA oligomers.
  • To enable DNA-based implementations of complex computational systems, such as analog neural networks.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of random DNA template sequences.
  • Designing a DNA template with a random segment flanked by invariant primer sequences.
  • Amplifying a dilute sample of template molecules to generate a high copy number of distinct DNA amplicons.

Main Results:

  • Successfully produced approximately 10(11) copies of DNA molecules and their complements from a small set of template sequences.
  • Demonstrated the utility of these amplified DNA molecules for implementing vector operations.
  • Showcased potential for DNA-based analog neural network components.

Conclusions:

  • PCR amplification of random templates offers an economical solution for generating diverse DNA oligomers needed for DNA computing.
  • This method facilitates the practical implementation of complex DNA-based computational systems.
  • The generated DNA amplicons are suitable for foundational operations in DNA-based analog neural networks.