[Etiological diagnosis and management of hemospermia]

Hemospermia refers to the macroscopic presence of blood in semen, which may be associated with male genital tract, lower urinary tract and systemic diseases. Hemospermia is prevalent in young males. It is mostly a benign lesion and self-limited symptom, requiring only basic investigations and simple management. But in a few patients, it may be the primary symptom of urogenital malignancy. Therefore in patients older than 40 years, or in those with persistent or recurrent hemospermia, further investigation should be conducted by imaging and endoscopic examinations to make definite etiological diagnosis and give corresponding treatment. This article reviews the etiology, initial diagnostic workup, imaging techniques and endoscopic examination of hemospermia, and summeries its management.