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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...
Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles01:25

Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles

Fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle. Muscle fascicle arrangement is directly associated with the power and range of motion of various muscles. The configuration of these fascicles can vary, leading to different functional outcomes.
The four primary types of muscle based on fascicle arrangement are:
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
Functions of Smooth Muscles01:23

Functions of Smooth Muscles

Smooth muscles are an important type of muscle tissue that plays a vital role in the involuntary movements of internal organs. For example, they help regulate the movement of food through the gut and the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
Function of visceral smooth muscles
Visceral smooth muscle is found in the walls of all hollow organs, except the heart, and is a key player in the involuntary movements that drive the functioning of these internal organs. This tissue is arranged in...
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice
06:22

Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice

Published on: September 17, 2015

The "mirror" papillary muscle.

James Ker

    International Journal of Cardiology
    |January 23, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    A rare papillary muscle anomaly, featuring an accessory muscle, creates a mirror image on echocardiography. This finding may have implications for understanding cardiac function and diagnosis.

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiovascular Medicine
    • Cardiac Anatomy
    • Diagnostic Imaging

    Background:

    • Structural anomalies of papillary muscles are associated with various cardiovascular conditions.
    • These anomalies can range from functionally insignificant to those causing intraventricular pressure gradients.

    Observation:

    • A unique anomaly of the anterolateral papillary muscle was observed.
    • This anomaly involved an accessory papillary muscle.

    Findings:

    • The accessory papillary muscle created a distinctive mirror-image appearance on transthoracic echocardiography.
    • This specific structural variation has not been previously detailed.

    Implications:

    • This case highlights the importance of recognizing unusual papillary muscle anatomy in echocardiography.

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    Published on: June 20, 2015

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    07:16

    Dynamic Measurement and Imaging of Capillaries, Arterioles, and Pericytes in Mouse Heart

    Published on: July 29, 2020

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

    Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice
    06:22

    Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice

    Published on: September 17, 2015

    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
    09:03

    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye

    Published on: June 20, 2015

    Dynamic Measurement and Imaging of Capillaries, Arterioles, and Pericytes in Mouse Heart
    07:16

    Dynamic Measurement and Imaging of Capillaries, Arterioles, and Pericytes in Mouse Heart

    Published on: July 29, 2020

  • Understanding such anomalies may refine diagnostic accuracy for certain cardiac conditions.
  • Further research could explore the functional significance of this specific anomaly.