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Related Concept Videos

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
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Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm
08:29

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

Published on: June 7, 2018

Glutamate and reinstatement.

Lori A Knackstedt1, Peter W Kalivas

  • 1Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States. knackst@musc.edu <knackst@musc.edu>

Current Opinion in Pharmacology
|January 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Glutamate system adaptations drive relapse to various drugs, including cocaine, heroin, and alcohol. Targeting these glutamate pathways offers a potential strategy for treating multiple substance use disorder relapses.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Glutamate plays a crucial role in the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior.
  • Molecular and neurochemical adaptations in the glutamatergic system are key drivers of drug relapse.
  • Previous research established the importance of glutamate in cocaine relapse.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify new molecular and neurochemical adaptations in the glutamatergic system driving cocaine relapse.
  • To investigate the similarities in glutamatergic neuroadaptations across different drug classes.
  • To explore the potential of targeting the glutamate system for treating relapse to multiple drugs of abuse.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the role of CB1 receptor stimulation in modulating basal glutamate levels.

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A Procedure for Studying the Footshock-Induced Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking in Laboratory Rats
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  • Examined the involvement of the GluR1 receptor subunit in the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior.
  • Analyzed glutamatergic adaptations following self-administration of cocaine, heroin, nicotine, and alcohol.

    • Main Results:

    • CB1 receptor stimulation was found to reduce basal glutamate levels.
    • The GluR1 receptor subunit is involved in the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior.
    • Similar glutamatergic neuroadaptations were observed after self-administration of cocaine, heroin, nicotine, and alcohol.
    • Stimulation of group II mGluR receptors and blockade of group I mGluR receptors prevented relapse to cocaine, nicotine, and alcohol.

    Conclusions:

    • The glutamatergic system undergoes significant adaptations that contribute to relapse across various drugs.
    • Pharmacological interventions targeting specific glutamate receptors (mGluR groups I and II) can prevent relapse.
    • These findings suggest that drugs modulating the glutamate system could be effective in treating relapse to multiple substance use disorders.