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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster
09:39

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: August 21, 2014

Noncoding RNAs in mental retardation.

K E Szulwach1, P Jin, R S Alisch

  • 1Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.

Clinical Genetics
|January 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Noncoding RNAs are abundant in the human genome and play diverse regulatory roles. These noncoding RNAs may be involved in the molecular pathogenesis of intellectual disability disorders through various mechanisms.

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RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA
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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

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RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA
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RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA

Published on: April 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Genome-wide studies reveal pervasive transcription in the human genome.
  • Thousands of noncoding RNA transcripts have been identified but remain largely uncharacterized.
  • Emerging data highlight significant regulatory functions of noncoding RNAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the potential roles of noncoding RNAs in the molecular pathogenesis of intellectual disability (ID) disorders.
  • To explore the diverse mechanisms through which noncoding RNAs may contribute to ID.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on noncoding RNA research.
  • Analysis of molecular and genetic data related to noncoding RNA function.
  • Synthesis of findings concerning noncoding RNA in disease pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Noncoding RNAs are abundant and functionally diverse in the human genome.
  • Noncoding RNAs are implicated in various biological regulatory processes.
  • Evidence suggests noncoding RNAs may play a role in the molecular basis of intellectual disability.

Conclusions:

  • Noncoding RNAs represent a significant, understudied component of the human genome.
  • These molecules have the potential to be involved in the pathogenesis of intellectual disability disorders.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the roles and mechanisms of noncoding RNAs in disease.