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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

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Virtual reality training for surgical trainees in laparoscopic surgery.

Kurinchi Selvan Gurusamy1, Rajesh Aggarwal, Latha Palanivelu

  • 1University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital and University College School of Medicine, 9th Floor, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, UK, NW3 2QG. kurinchi2k@hotmail.com

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|January 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Virtual reality (VR) surgical training effectively supplements traditional apprenticeship methods for laparoscopic surgery. VR training improves accuracy and reduces errors and operating time compared to no training or video trainers.

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical Education
  • Medical Simulation
  • Minimally Invasive Surgery

Background:

  • Traditional surgical training relies on apprenticeship, which can be time-consuming, costly, and inconsistent.
  • Virtual reality (VR) simulators offer a supplementary approach to surgical education.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate if virtual reality (VR) training can supplement or replace conventional laparoscopic surgical training for trainees with limited or no prior experience.
  • To compare VR training with video trainer training and standard apprenticeship methods.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
  • Searched multiple databases including Cochrane, MEDLINE, and EMBASE up to March 2008.
  • Included trials comparing VR training with video trainers, no training, or standard laparoscopic training.

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Main Results:

  • 23 trials with 612 participants were included; most trials had a high risk of bias.
  • For novices, VR training improved task completion time, accuracy, and reduced errors compared to no training.
  • For those with limited experience, VR training reduced operating time and errors compared to standard training and improved performance scores versus video trainers.

Conclusions:

  • Virtual reality (VR) training effectively supplements standard laparoscopic surgical training.
  • VR training is at least as effective as video trainer training in enhancing surgical skills.
  • Further high-quality research focusing on patient-relevant outcomes is recommended.