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Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

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Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
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Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Rodent Model of Masseter Volumetric Muscle Loss for Studying Bioengineering Materials
03:46

Rodent Model of Masseter Volumetric Muscle Loss for Studying Bioengineering Materials

Published on: May 31, 2024

Botulinum toxin for masseter hypertrophy.

Mohammed A Al-Muharraqi1, Zbys Fedorowicz, Jaffer Al Bareeq

  • 1Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Bahrain Defence Force - Royal Medical Services, PO Box 33255, Essa Town, Bahrain.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|January 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

No randomized trials were found for botulinum toxin type A injections to treat benign bilateral masseter hypertrophy, highlighting the need for more research on this cosmetic facial sculpting treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Dermatology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Benign bilateral masseter hypertrophy presents as an uncommon soft swelling near the mandible, potentially causing facial pain and cosmetic concerns.
  • Treatment options for masseter hypertrophy vary, including pharmacotherapy, surgery, and less invasive botulinum toxin type A injections.
  • Botulinum toxin type A, a neurotoxin from Clostridium botulinum, induces muscle paralysis and atrophy when injected.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A in managing benign bilateral masseter hypertrophy.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic search of multiple databases (Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, IndMED, Iranmedex) was conducted in August 2008.
  • Inclusion criteria focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) of intra-masseteric botulinum toxin versus placebo for cosmetic facial sculpting.
  • Studies involving individuals with bilateral benign masseter hypertrophy, confirmed clinically and radiologically, were considered. Participants with hypertrophy secondary to radiotherapy were excluded.

Main Results:

  • A total of 167 studies were retrieved during the search.
  • None of the retrieved studies met the predefined inclusion criteria for the review.
  • Consequently, all 167 references were excluded from the analysis.

Conclusions:

  • No randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCTs) were identified regarding the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for benign bilateral masseter hypertrophy.
  • The lack of high-level evidence underscores the critical need for well-designed, adequately powered RCTs and CCTs to establish treatment effectiveness.