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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

Error analysis on spinal motion measurement using skin mounted sensors.

Zhengyi Yang1, Heather Ting Ma, Deming Wang

  • 1Centre for Magnetic Resonance, University of Queensland, Australia. zhengyi.yang@cmr.uq.edu.au

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
|January 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Skin-mounted sensors show measurement errors in lumbar spine forward bending. Radiography as a gold standard revealed errors up to 5.0 degrees, highlighting the need for sensor accuracy improvements in motion analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Kinesiology
  • Medical Instrumentation

Background:

  • Skin-mounted sensors are used for measuring spinal motion.
  • Accurate measurement of lumbar spine forward bending is crucial for clinical assessment.
  • Electromagnetic tracking systems are common tools for motion analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate measurement errors of skin-mounted sensors during lumbar spine forward bending.
  • To compare motion data from skin-mounted sensors with radiographic 'gold' standard measurements.
  • To analyze the sources of error, including sensor sliding and tilting.

Main Methods:

  • Seventeen healthy young males participated.
  • Electromagnetic tracking sensors (Fastrak) were attached to lumbar spinous processes.

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

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  • Lateral radiographs were taken in neutral and full flexion postures for comparison.

    • Main Results:

    • Gross forward bending motion measured by sensors was 62.8 degrees (SD 12.8), compared to 67.8 degrees (SD 10.6) from radiography.
    • Mean error and absolute error for gross motion range were 5.0 degrees (SD 7.2) and 7.7 degrees (SD 3.9), respectively.
    • Sensors on S1 and L1 contributed 3.9 degrees (SD 2.9) and 4.4 degrees (SD 2.8) to the absolute error.

    Conclusions:

    • Skin-mounted sensors introduce measurement errors in lumbar spine forward bending.
    • Sensor sliding and tilting contribute to inaccuracies.
    • Further refinement of skin-mounted sensor technology is needed for precise spinal motion measurement.