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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Detection of Nuclear Blebbing and DNA Leakage in Mammalian Cells by Immunofluorescence
06:23

Detection of Nuclear Blebbing and DNA Leakage in Mammalian Cells by Immunofluorescence

Published on: January 17, 2025

Old nuclei spring new leaks.

Chitra V Kotwaliwale1, Abby F Dernburg

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. chitra.kot@gmail.com

Cell
|January 27, 2009
PubMed
Summary

As cells age, the nuclear pore complex (NPC) loses vital protein components. This leads to increased nuclear permeability and may drive organismal aging processes.

Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a critical gatekeeper regulating molecular transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • Cellular aging is associated with various molecular and structural changes, but the role of NPCs remains incompletely understood.

Discussion:

  • Aging cells exhibit a decline in the integrity of the nuclear pore complex.
  • Loss of essential protein subunits from the NPC correlates with increased nuclear envelope permeability.

Key Insights:

  • D'Angelo et al. (2009) provide evidence that aging compromises NPC structure and function.
  • The study links NPC dysfunction to a key hallmark of aging: increased nuclear permeability.

Outlook:

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Detection of Nuclear Blebbing and DNA Leakage in Mammalian Cells by Immunofluorescence
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Detection of Nuclear Blebbing and DNA Leakage in Mammalian Cells by Immunofluorescence

Published on: January 17, 2025

Nuclear Isolation from Cryopreserved In Vitro Derived Blood Cells
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Nuclear Isolation from Cryopreserved In Vitro Derived Blood Cells

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  • Investigating NPC maintenance may offer therapeutic targets for age-related diseases.
  • Further research could elucidate the precise mechanisms by which NPC deterioration contributes to organismal aging.