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Related Concept Videos

Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
07:35

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Published on: January 26, 2024

Postmortem identification of hyperglycemia.

B Zilg1, K Alkass, S Berg

  • 1Department of Forensic Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Retzius v. 3, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.

Forensic Science International
|January 27, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Postmortem diabetic coma detection can use vitreous glucose levels alone. This study found vitreous glucose stable postmortem, unlike lactate, suggesting it

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
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Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo
10:35

Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo

Published on: April 6, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Forensic biochemistry
  • Clinical chemistry
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Accurate postmortem biochemical analysis is crucial for detecting diabetic coma.
  • Blood glucose rapidly decreases postmortem due to cellular consumption.
  • Vitreous fluid is a reliable postmortem sample due to low cell count.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the reliability of vitreous fluid analysis for postmortem glucose estimation.
  • To determine the optimal biomarker for diagnosing postmortem hyperglycemia and diabetic coma.
  • To refine methodologies for postmortem vitreous fluid analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Consistent sampling of central vitreous fluid from both eyes postmortem.
  • Immediate bedside analysis using a blood gas instrument.
  • Analysis of 3076 cases over a three-year period (2004-2006).

Main Results:

  • Vitreous glucose levels remained stable postmortem after an initial drop.
  • Vitreous lactate levels steadily increased postmortem.
  • Vitreous glucose alone, with a threshold of 10 mmol/L, showed high specificity for diabetic coma.

Conclusions:

  • Vitreous glucose is a reliable indicator for diagnosing postmortem hyperglycemia and diabetic coma.
  • The sum of vitreous glucose and lactate is not a reliable indicator due to postmortem changes.
  • Simplified bedside analysis using blood gas instruments is effective, eliminating unnecessary sample preparation steps.