Export of RNA silencing from C. elegans tissues does not require the RNA channel SID-1

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers RNA interference (RNAi) to silence genes of matching sequence. In some animals this experimentally induced silencing is transported between cells, and studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have shown that the dsRNA channel SID-1 is required for the import of such transported silencing signals. Gene silencing can also be triggered by endogenously expressed RNAi triggers, but it is unknown whether such silencing is transported between cells. Here, we show that, in C. elegans, SID-1 is required for efficient silencing of multicopy transgenes, indicating that mobile silencing signals contribute to transgene silencing. Further, most tissues can transport silencing initiated by the tissue-specific transgenic expression of RNAi triggers to other tissues, consistent with expressed RNAi triggers generating mobile silencing signals. Whereas the import of silencing signals requires SID-1, we found that mobile silencing signals generated by transgene-expressed RNAi triggers are exported to other tissues through a SID-1-independent mechanism. Furthermore, when RNAi triggers are expressed in ingested Escherichia coli, silencing signals can be transported to internal tissues from the gut lumen across gut cells that lack SID-1. Thus, C. elegans can transport endogenous and exogenous RNA silencing signals between many different tissues via at least 2 SID-1 independent export pathways.