Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
Published on: July 8, 2025
Paroxysmal tonic upgaze presenting as a clinical isolated syndrome
Nesrin Senbil1, Deniz Yilmaz, Deniz Yüksel
1Department of Child Neurology, Dr Sami Ulus Children's Hospital, Ankara Turkey. senbilon@yahoo.com
Abstract:
We report a 3.5-year-old boy with sudden onset of episodic upward deviation of the eyes that led to diagnosis of paroxysmal tonic upgaze. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed right-hand side dominant bilateral hyperintense lesions in the mesencephalon and the thalamus on T2-weighted images. These lesions suggested a demyelinating pathology. Corticosteroid treatment was started. The episodes of upward eye deviation and the lesions on magnetic resonance imaging completely resolved after 3 days and 3 months, respectively. After 2 years of follow-up, he was symptom-free. Our patient with an isolated brain stem syndrome and no mental status changes was diagnosed as having a clinical isolated syndrome.
Related Concept Videos
Seizures l: Introduction
Seizures ll: Types
Epilepsy ll: Types
Seizures: Classification
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Toxidromes: Clinical Features
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...