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Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...

Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Published on: October 31, 2010

[AIDS and ophthalmology: a contemporary view].

Esther Ezquerro Pérez-Blázquez¹, Mi Redondo, T García

¹Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital 12 de octubre, Madrid, Spain. epblazquez@telefonica.net

Anales Del Sistema Sanitario De Navarra

|January 27, 2009

Summary

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) revolutionized medicine, impacting ophthalmology with new conditions like cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. Effective antiretroviral therapy (HAART) improved patient immunity, reducing some HIV-related eye diseases but increasing others.

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Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

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Subconjunctival Administration of Adeno-associated Virus Vectors in Small Animal Models

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Published on: March 16, 2022

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Infectious Diseases
Immunology

Context:

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) significantly altered the landscape of ophthalmological pathologies.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) became more prevalent.
The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) marked a turning point in managing HIV-associated conditions.

Purpose:

To analyze the evolving spectrum of ophthalmological manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients.
To understand the impact of HAART on HIV-related and unrelated ocular diseases.
To outline current recommendations for ophthalmological surveillance in immunocompromised individuals.

Summary:

HAART has led to a decrease in certain opportunistic infections like CMV retinitis and PORN, alongside improvements in conditions such as Kaposi's sarcoma.
Ocular syphilis cases are increasing in HIV patients, independent of immune status.
New ophthalmological issues have emerged due to HAART, including immune recovery uveitis and lipodystrophy-related enophthalmos.

Impact:

Ophthalmological surveillance is crucial for severely immunocompromised HIV patients, especially those with HIV retinopathy, requiring regular monitoring until immune recovery.
Understanding these evolving trends is vital for timely diagnosis and management of sight-threatening conditions in the HIV population.
Preventive eye exams are recommended until lymphocyte counts exceed 100 cells/microliter.