Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Area of Science:

• Medical Parasitology
• Infectious Diseases
• Immunology

Background:

• Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania parasites.
• HIV infection can lead to atypical and severe leishmaniasis presentations.
• Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis with HIV co-infection is a growing concern.

Observation:

• A 38-year-old HIV-positive male presented with a year-long history of widespread papular and nodular eruptions.
• Lesions affected the face and extremities.
• Mucosal involvement included nasal and oral infiltrations.

Findings:

• The patient exhibited diffuse (disseminated) cutaneous leishmaniasis.
• The presentation was atypical and widespread, involving mucocutaneous sites.
• The clinical appearance mimicked lepromatous leprosy.

Implications:

• This case underscores the importance of considering leishmaniasis in HIV-positive patients with unusual skin lesions.
• Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing severe, disseminated forms of leishmaniasis.
• Understanding atypical presentations is vital for differential diagnosis, especially in resource-limited settings.