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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

[Update on new insulins].

L Tapia Ceballos1

  • 1Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Málaga, España. leotapiaceb@hotmail.com

Anales De Pediatria (Barcelona, Spain : 2003)
|January 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New insulin analogs offer improved pharmacokinetic profiles over standard insulins like regular soluble insulin and neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin. This review examines their properties and clinical use in children with diabetes mellitus.

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Published on: June 11, 2012

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds
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Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Biotechnology

Context:

  • Standard insulin therapies (regular, NPH) have limitations in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
  • Genetic engineering has enabled the development of modified insulin analogs.
  • Five insulin analogs are now available: two long-acting (glargine, detemir) and three rapid-acting (lispro, aspart, glulisine).

Purpose:

  • To review the properties of new insulin analog preparations.
  • To evaluate the potential advantages and disadvantages of these analogs in pediatric diabetes management.

Summary:

  • Insulin analogs are structurally modified to improve upon the limitations of conventional insulins.
  • Long-acting analogs provide prolonged effect, while rapid-acting analogs offer faster absorption.
  • These modifications aim to enhance clinical efficacy and patient convenience.

Impact:

  • Provides clinicians with essential information on novel insulin therapies for pediatric diabetes.
  • Facilitates informed treatment decisions regarding insulin analog selection in children.
  • Contributes to the evolving landscape of diabetes management through advanced insulin formulations.