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Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods01:21

Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods

Determining the optimal dose size and dosing frequency in pharmacotherapy is crucial for achieving therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. This article explores the methodologies employed in determining these parameters, focusing on their significance and interplay to tailor dosing regimens.Dose Size: Dose size refers to the amount of a drug administered in a single dose. It is determined based on the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics properties and...
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In patients with renal disease, dosage adjustments are necessary to maintain therapeutic plasma drug concentrations and prevent toxicity or subtherapeutic exposure. Renal impairment alters drug pharmacokinetics, especially in conditions like uremia, where changes such as prolonged elimination half-life and altered apparent volume of distribution can significantly affect drug disposition. These changes require careful modification of the dosing regimen to achieve the desired clinical...
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
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A loading dose is an essential pharmacological strategy to rapidly achieve the target plasma drug concentration necessary for an immediate therapeutic effect. This approach is especially critical for drugs characterized by slow absorption or extended half-lives, where delaying therapeutic plasma levels could compromise treatment outcomes. By administering a loading dose, clinicians ensure a prompt onset of drug action, even for agents with complex pharmacokinetic profiles.Achieving steady-state...
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Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is commonly administered via intermittent intravenous infusion to treat severe infections. An intermittent one-hour infusion of gentamicin, administered at eight-hour intervals, allows for precise control of plasma drug concentrations, minimizing toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacokinetic principles govern the dynamics of plasma concentrations and can be mathematically described using specific equations.The plasma drug concentration...
X-ray Imaging01:24

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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage (40-300 kV) X-Ray Facilities
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Published on: February 20, 2021

A correction-based dose calculation algorithm for kilovoltage x rays.

George X Ding, Jason M Pawlowski, Charles W Coffey

    Medical Physics
    |January 30, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Frequent imaging in radiotherapy can increase patient dose, especially to bone. A new medium-dependent-correction (MDC) algorithm offers accurate kilovoltage dose calculations for improved patient safety.

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    Published on: May 9, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Medical Physics
    • Radiotherapy Dosimetry
    • Computational Imaging

    Background:

    • Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) utilizes frequent imaging, potentially increasing patient radiation dose, particularly to radiosensitive organs and bone.
    • Kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography (kV-CBCT) used in IGRT delivers significantly higher doses to bone compared to surrounding soft tissues.
    • Current radiation treatment planning (RTP) systems lack suitable algorithms for accurate dose calculation with low-energy X-rays.

    Discussion:

    • The study introduces a novel medium-dependent-correction (MDC) algorithm for precise kilovoltage X-ray dose computation in radiotherapy.
    • Existing density correction algorithms are inadequate for inhomogeneous media encountered in CT-based treatment planning.
    • The MDC algorithm is validated against Monte Carlo calculations, demonstrating its accuracy.

    Key Insights:

    • The MDC algorithm accurately calculates patient doses from kilovoltage X-rays, addressing limitations of current RTP systems.
    • This new algorithm overcomes deficiencies in dose calculations for inhomogeneous media, crucial for CT-based radiotherapy.
    • Accurate accounting of imaging dose is vital for managing organ tolerance in IGRT.

    Outlook:

    • The MDC algorithm provides a foundation for developing advanced RTP systems capable of handling kilovoltage dose computations.
    • Further integration of the MDC algorithm into clinical workflows can enhance patient safety and treatment efficacy in IGRT.
    • This research paves the way for more sophisticated dosimetry in image-guided radiation therapy.