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Related Concept Videos

Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...
Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Chromosome Preparation From Cultured Cells
07:42

Chromosome Preparation From Cultured Cells

Published on: January 28, 2014

Malignancy in children with trisomy 21.

Karen R Rabin1, James A Whitlock

  • 1Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. krrabin@txccc.org

The Oncologist
|January 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have a significantly higher risk of acute leukemias but a lower risk of solid tumors. This review explores the reasons behind these cancer patterns and treatment considerations in DS patients.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Down syndrome (DS) is associated with a unique cancer incidence pattern.
  • DS patients exhibit a 10-20 fold increased risk for acute leukemias.
  • Conversely, DS patients show a reduced incidence of solid tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the basis for the distinct cancer incidence in Down syndrome.
  • To discuss the clinical and biological features of common DS-associated malignancies.
  • To examine pharmacogenetic and environmental factors influencing leukemia in DS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of oncology and genetics studies.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on cancer incidence in Down syndrome.
  • Synthesis of information on leukemia subtypes and treatment responses in DS.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Chromosome Preparation From Cultured Cells
07:42

Chromosome Preparation From Cultured Cells

Published on: January 28, 2014

Main Results:

  • Down syndrome confers a high risk for transient myeloproliferative disease, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
  • DS patients exhibit differential chemosensitivity and toxicity profiles compared to the general population.
  • Environmental factors may play a role in leukemia development in DS.

Conclusions:

  • The unique cancer profile in Down syndrome is influenced by genetic and potentially environmental factors.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for tailored clinical management and treatment of DS patients.
  • Further research into pharmacogenetics and risk factors can optimize leukemia treatment and prevention in DS.