Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Microbial Nutrition01:28

Microbial Nutrition

Organisms exhibit remarkable metabolic diversity, categorized based on how they acquire energy and carbon. These strategies enable survival in various ecological niches and are essential for maintaining energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems.Energy and Carbon SourcesOrganisms are classified as phototrophs or chemotrophs based on energy acquisition. Phototrophs use light as their energy source, while chemotrophs rely on oxidizing chemical compounds. Further differentiation arises...
Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...
Microbial Bioremediation of Uranium01:25

Microbial Bioremediation of Uranium

Microorganisms play a critical role in the transformation and immobilization of uranium in contaminated environments through four main pathways: bioreduction, biosorption, bioaccumulation, and biomineralization. These mechanisms reduce uranium’s toxicity and prevent its migration through groundwater systems, offering sustainable approaches for in situ bioremediation.Bioreduction of UraniumBioreduction is driven by anaerobic bacteria such as certain strains of Geobacter and Shewanella, which use...
Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles01:24

Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles

Microbial activity plays a pivotal role in the biogeochemical cycling of iron and manganese, especially at the redox gradients characteristic of stratified aquatic environments. These cycles are driven by microbial transformations between oxidized and reduced forms of the metals, allowing organisms to exploit them for metabolic energy and structural purposes.Iron Cycling Across Redox GradientsIn neutral, oxygen-rich surface waters, iron is predominantly found in its oxidized, insoluble ferric...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

keju: powerful and accurate inference in Massively Parallel Reporter Assays.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

ConSeqUMI, an error-free nanopore sequencing pipeline to identify and extract individual nucleic acid molecules from heterogeneous samples.

Nucleic acids research·2025
Same author

High-Throughput Characterization of Tetracycline Repressor Function on Tetracycline Operator 2 Variants.

ACS synthetic biology·2025
Same author

Opill (norgestrel): Where does the OTC birth control pill fit in among existing contraception?

JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants·2025
Same author

ConSeqUMI, an error-free nanopore sequencing pipeline to identify and extract individual nucleic acid molecules from heterogeneous samples.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Skeletal and dental tissue mineralization: The potential role of the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi complex and the endolysosomal and autophagic transport systems.

Bone·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis
14:55

Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis

Published on: June 24, 2018

Autophagy in mineralizing tissues: microenvironmental perspectives.

Vickram Srinivas1, Jolene Bohensky, Adam M Zahm

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.

Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)
|January 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Skeletal cells in low-oxygen environments use autophagy for survival, a process regulated by oxygen levels and specific proteins. This mechanism can be targeted to enhance bone cell survival and prevent apoptosis.

More Related Videos

Comprehensive Characterization of Tissue Mineralization in an Ex Vivo Model
07:29

Comprehensive Characterization of Tissue Mineralization in an Ex Vivo Model

Published on: September 27, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis
14:55

Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis

Published on: June 24, 2018

Comprehensive Characterization of Tissue Mineralization in an Ex Vivo Model
07:29

Comprehensive Characterization of Tissue Mineralization in an Ex Vivo Model

Published on: September 27, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Skeletal Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Chondrocytes and osteocytes reside in hypoxic niches within cartilage and bone.
  • These cells exhibit a survival mechanism involving autophagy, a cellular self-cannibalization process.
  • Prolonged autophagy can lead to Type II apoptosis, indicating a critical balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of autophagy in skeletal cell survival under hypoxic conditions.
  • To elucidate the regulatory pathways involving mTOR, AMPK, HIF-1, and HIF-2 in chondrocyte autophagy.
  • To explore the potential of modulating autophagy for therapeutic interventions in skeletal diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cellular states in hypoxic skeletal tissue niches.
  • Investigation of autophagic flux regulation.
  • Examination of the interplay between mTOR, AMPK, HIF-1, and HIF-2 signaling pathways.
  • Assessment of chondrocyte autophagy regulation by HIF-2 as a brake to HIF-1.

Main Results:

  • Skeletal cells in hypoxic niches demonstrate evidence of autophagy, promoting survival.
  • Autophagic flux is regulated by tissue oxygenation, nutrient availability, and cellular energy status.
  • HIF-2 acts as a key regulator of chondrocyte autophagy, counteracting HIF-1's stimulatory effects.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular survival in skeletal tissues is dependent on niche conditions and regulated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways.
  • Autophagy is a critical survival mechanism for chondrocytes and osteocytes in hypoxic environments.
  • Targeting autophagic pathways presents a potential therapeutic strategy to enhance skeletal cell survival and prevent apoptosis.