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Flanker and Simon effects interact at the response selection stage.

Barbara Treccani1, Roberto Cubelli, Sergio Della Sala

  • 1Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Universita di Padova, Padova, Italy.

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)
|January 31, 2009
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Summary

This study reveals how stimulus-stimulus (S-S) congruency effects interact with stimulus-response (S-R) correspondence. Findings support a response selection account, indicating conflicts arise during response selection.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Information Processing
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Stimulus-stimulus (S-S) congruency effects, like the flanker effect, and stimulus-response (S-R) correspondence effects, like the Simon effect, are fundamental in understanding cognitive processing.
  • The precise processing stage where S-S congruency effects manifest remains a subject of investigation, with implications for models of attention and response selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the processing stage underlying stimulus-stimulus (S-S) congruency effects.
  • To examine the relationship between the flanker effect (S-S congruency) and the Simon effect (S-R spatial correspondence).
  • To test the response selection account of congruency effects.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1 utilized a unilateral flanker task where the flanker also served as a Simon-like accessory stimulus.
  • Experiment 2 manipulated the flanker's set membership to differentiate between perceptual grouping and response selection mechanisms.
  • Temporal analyses of correspondence effects were conducted to rule out temporal-overlap explanations.

Main Results:

  • A significant interaction between S-S Congruency and S-R Correspondence was observed.
  • An advantage for spatially corresponding trials was found in target-flanker congruent conditions.
  • Incongruent conditions showed an advantage for noncorresponding trials, supporting a response selection account.

Conclusions:

  • The interaction between flanker congruency and Simon effects supports a response selection account of cognitive control.
  • Flanker position and task attributes activate associated responses, leading to conflicts at the response selection stage.
  • Findings rule out temporal-overlap and simple perceptual grouping as explanations for the observed interaction.