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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Dosage Regimen: Individualization01:24

Dosage Regimen: Individualization

Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...
Dosage Regimen: Fixed Dose01:01

Dosage Regimen: Fixed Dose

Fixed-dose regimens are a common approach to administer drugs to achieve and maintain desired levels of the drug in the body. In this dosing strategy, a specific amount of medication is given at regular intervals, often multiple times a day, to ensure a consistent drug concentration in the bloodstream.
Fixed-dose regimens can be used for various routes of administration, including intravenous (IV) injections and oral medications. For IV administration, a predetermined amount of the drug is...
Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters01:01

Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters

It is not uncommon for complete drug pharmacokinetic profiles to remain elusive in pharmacokinetics. This necessitates certain educated assumptions by pharmacokineticists to determine appropriate dosage regimens without comprehensive pharmacokinetic data from animal or human studies. One prevalent assumption is setting the bioavailability factor, denoted as F, to 1 or 100%. This assumption caters to the scenario where a drug doesn't achieve full systemic absorption, resulting in the patient...
Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Disposable Dosators for Pulmonary Insufflation of Therapeutic Agents to Small Animals
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Disposable Dosators for Pulmonary Insufflation of Therapeutic Agents to Small Animals

Published on: March 30, 2017

[Reasonable dispensing fee for patients].

Rie Aoki1, Makoto Shiragami

  • 1College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan.

Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
|February 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Pharmacist workload and dispensing fees require better alignment. This study found the number of drug items significantly impacts dispensing time, suggesting fee structures should reflect this complexity for accurate pharmacist compensation.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Health Services Research

Context:

  • Dispensing fees often do not accurately reflect the actual workload of pharmacists.
  • Patient understanding of dispensing fee systems can be limited.
  • Nine pharmacies in Chiba Prefecture participated in the study.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the relationship between prescription details and the time required for prescription dispensing.
  • To examine the relationship between instruction details and the time required for drug administration instruction.
  • To inform more accurate and equitable dispensing fee structures.

Summary:

  • Linear regression analysis indicated that the number of drug items, rather than doses, more significantly influences dispensing time.
  • A formula was proposed for oral drug dispensing time: [dispensing time (sec)]=29.3+27.5 x [number of items]+0.7 x[dosing days]+94.4 x [number of items]+7.1 x [dosing days].

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Disposable Dosators for Pulmonary Insufflation of Therapeutic Agents to Small Animals
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  • Dispensing fees per second were estimated at 0.7 point based on actual claims. Drug administration instructions could be categorized for fee setting, with additional fees for specialized pharmaceutical expertise.

    • Impact:

    • Provides data-driven insights for optimizing pharmacist workload assessment.
    • Suggests a framework for more accurate and fair compensation for pharmaceutical services.
    • Highlights the need for fee structures that acknowledge the complexity of medication management and patient counseling.