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Related Concept Videos

MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis02:15

M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis

Checkpoints throughout the cell cycle serve as safeguards and gatekeepers, allowing the cell cycle to progress in favorable conditions and slow or halt it in problematic ones. This regulation is known as the cell cycle control system.
Cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, work in concert with cyclins to control cell cycle transitions. M-Cdk, a complex of Cdk1 bound to M cyclin, is a well-known example of this coordinated control that drives the transition from the G2 to the M phase.
M cyclin...
Mitogens and the Cell Cycle02:38

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
09:32

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

MAPK signaling in equations and embryos.

Stanislav Y Shvartsman1, Mathieu Coppey, Alexander M Berezhkovskii

  • 1Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. stas@princeton.edu

Fly
|February 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The Extracellularly Regulated Kinase/Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway dynamics were studied in Drosophila embryos. A biophysical model explains observed MAPK phosphorylation gradients, guiding future research on pathway regulation.

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
09:32

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline
08:40

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline

Published on: November 29, 2016

Temporal Quantification of MAPK Induced Expression in Single Yeast Cells
07:59

Temporal Quantification of MAPK Induced Expression in Single Yeast Cells

Published on: October 4, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The Extracellularly Regulated Kinase/Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (ERK/MAPK) signaling pathway regulates crucial cellular processes.
  • MAPK cascades exhibit diverse functions (rheostat, switch, oscillator) beyond early models, producing varied input-output relationships.
  • Understanding MAPK dynamics requires experimental systems for manipulation and monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the dynamics of the MAPK phosphorylation gradient in the Drosophila embryo terminal patterning system.
  • To propose and discuss a biophysical model for the observed MAPK dynamics.
  • To guide future experiments investigating MAPK cascade regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental characterization of MAPK phosphorylation gradient dynamics in Drosophila embryos.
  • Development and analysis of a biophysical model for MAPK signaling.
  • Utilizing the Drosophila terminal patterning system as a model for studying signaling dynamics.

Main Results:

  • The MAPK phosphorylation gradient in the Drosophila terminal system exhibits complex dynamics.
  • A cascade of diffusion-trapping modules was proposed to regulate these dynamics.
  • The biophysical model successfully describes the observed MAPK phosphorylation gradient dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The Drosophila terminal patterning system is a suitable model for studying MAPK cascade dynamics.
  • A diffusion-trapping module model provides a framework for understanding MAPK regulation.
  • The biophysical model can guide future experiments to elucidate regulatory mechanisms within the MAPK pathway.