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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...

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Nanospheres with polymerization ability coated by polyrotaxane.

Motofumi Osaki1, Yoshinori Takashima, Hiroyasu Yamaguchi

  • 1Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.

The Journal of Organic Chemistry
|February 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) nanospheres were functionalized with oligo(delta-valerolactone) (delta-VL) chains. These modified nanospheres formed poly-pseudo-rotaxanes with alpha-CD, enabling controlled polymerization and virus-like behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) nanospheres are versatile platforms for molecular assembly.
  • Controlled polymerization and release mechanisms are crucial in nanomaterial design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel beta-CD nanospheres functionalized with oligo(delta-VL) chains.
  • To investigate the formation of poly-pseudo-rotaxanes using alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) and their impact on polymerization.
  • To explore the potential of these nanostructures to mimic viral functions.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of beta-CD nanospheres and subsequent oligomerization of delta-valerolactone (delta-VL).
  • Atomic force microscopy (AFM) for size characterization.
  • 2D-NOESY NMR spectroscopy to confirm host-guest interactions between alpha-CD and oligo(delta-VL).

Main Results:

  • Oligo(delta-VL)-tethered beta-CD nanospheres (2) were successfully synthesized, with a doubled molecular size compared to initial nanospheres (1).
  • Formation of poly-pseudo-rotaxane structures (alpha-CD[symbol: see text]2) on nanosphere surfaces via alpha-CD inclusion complexation.
  • The poly-pseudo-rotaxane structure enabled post-polymerization of delta-VL, a capability absent in the precursor nanospheres.
  • The resulting nanostructures exhibited virus-like behavior in size increase and controlled release.

Conclusions:

  • Novel beta-CD nanospheres functionalized with oligo(delta-VL) chains were created.
  • The formation of alpha-CD-based poly-pseudo-rotaxanes on nanosphere surfaces triggers controlled polymerization.
  • These nanostructures demonstrate potential as biomimetic systems, mimicking viral assembly and release mechanisms.