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Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Sex Linked Disorders

Sex Linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.

Sex-linked Disorders

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Published on: May 12, 2015

X-linked mental retardation: focus on synaptic function and plasticity.

Yann Humeau¹, Frédéric Gambino, Jamel Chelly

¹Département Neurotransmission et Sécrétion Neuroendocrine, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR-3212, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.

Journal of Neurochemistry

|February 3, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic mutations causing mental retardation (MR) often lead to synaptic dysfunction. This review focuses on X-linked MR genes impacting synapse structure, function, and plasticity, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary research.

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Published on: May 12, 2015

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism

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Published on: October 17, 2025

Dissecting Cell-Autonomous Function of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in an Auditory Circuit by In Ovo Electroporation

Dissecting Cell-Autonomous Function of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in an Auditory Circuit by In Ovo Electroporation

Published on: July 6, 2022

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Genetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

Mental retardation (MR) is a complex disorder with diverse genetic causes.
A common underlying feature of MR is the disruption of synaptic activity and dendritic spine development.
Numerous genes implicated in MR are linked to synaptic structure and function.

Purpose of the Study:

To review X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) gene products.
To explore their roles in synaptic structure, function, and plasticity.
To highlight commonalities in synaptic defects across different MR-related genetic mutations.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on X-linked MR genes.
Analysis of gene products involved in synaptic regulation.
Focus on pre- and post-synaptic plasticity mechanisms.

Main Results:

Defects in synaptic regulation and dendritic spine morphogenesis are common in MR.
X-linked MR-related genes play crucial roles in synapse formation and maintenance.
These genes are involved in both pre- and post-synaptic plasticity.

Conclusions:

Understanding XLMR gene functions offers insights into synaptic disorders.
Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for advancing MR research.
Standardized approaches will facilitate progress in identifying MR causes and mechanisms.